Home: A home is a permanent or semi-permanent residence for humans and sometimes animals. It provides shelter and is used for various activities like sleeping, eating, hygiene, work, and leisure.

Clothing: Clothing refers to items worn on the body, typically made of fabrics or textiles, but historically including garments from animal skin and natural materials. It is primarily worn by human beings and varies based on factors such as gender, body type, social influences, and geographic location. Different clothing items cover specific body parts, including garments for the body, footwear for the feet, gloves for the hands, hats for the head, and underwear for the private parts.

Dress: A dress is a garment traditionally worn by women or girls. It consists of a top piece that covers the torso and a skirt that hangs over the legs. Dresses can be one-piece garments of any length and can be both formal or casual.

Skirt: A skirt is a type of garment that covers the lower part of a dress or can be worn as a separate piece. It extends from the waist downward, providing coverage for the legs.

Nightwear: Nightwear, also known as sleepwear or nightclothes, refers to clothing specifically designed for sleeping. It may vary in style depending on the season, with warmer options for colder conditions and vice versa. Some nightwear can be visually appealing or erotic in addition to providing functionality.

Suit: A suit is a set of clothes consisting of a jacket and trousers made from the same material. It is usually worn with a collared dress shirt, necktie, and dress shoes. A skirt suit is similar, but with a matching skirt instead of trousers. Initially considered casual wear, the suit evolved into semi-formal or business attire. It originated in 19th-century Britain as sportswear, influenced by country clothing. The suit replaced the black frock coat in the early 20th century and became known as a lounge suit.

Swimsuit: A swimsuit is a clothing item worn for water-based activities like swimming and sun-related activities. It comes in different types for men, women, and children. Also known as swimwear, bathing suit, or swimming costume, it can be called by various names depending on the location or type of suit.

Shirt: A shirt is an upper body garment made of cloth.

Trousers: Trousers, also known as slacks and pants, are a clothing item that covers both legs from the waist to the knees or ankles. In the UK, "pants" refers to underwear rather than trousers. Shorts are similar but with legs that end around the knee. In certain contexts, like school uniforms, trousers may be referred to as "long trousers," while tailored shorts are called "short trousers" in the UK.

Uniform: A uniform is a costume worn by members of an organization during their activities. It is commonly used by armed forces, police, emergency services, security guards, workplaces, schools, and prisoners. Some officials like the US Public Health Service and French prefects also wear uniforms. Non-members wearing a uniform may be prohibited, especially in the case of police.

Veil: A veil is a garment or cloth used to cover the head or face or a significant object. It has a long history in European, Asian, and African societies, and is practiced in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Veiling is primarily associated with women and sacred objects, but in certain cultures, men also wear veils. It remains relevant in modern secular contexts, like wedding customs.

Boot: A boot is a type of footwear that covers the foot, ankle, and sometimes the lower calf. They can also extend up to the knee or hip. Boots typically have a distinguishable heel and are traditionally made of leather or rubber, although modern boots are made from various materials.

Shoe: A shoe is footwear that protects and comforts the human foot. It adapts to terrains and climate conditions while providing necessary protection. Originally designed for function, shoes have evolved into fashion items. Some shoes, like steel-toe boots, serve as safety equipment at industrial worksites.

Sock: A sock is a type of foot covering that often extends up the ankle or calf. It was originally made from leather or animal hair. Machine-knit socks were introduced in the late 16th century, and by the 19th century, they became more prevalent. Today, both hand-made and machine-knit socks are produced.

Cloak: A cloak is a loose garment worn over clothing, acting as outerwear to protect the wearer from weather conditions. It can also be part of a uniform and has been worn by people in various societies. Cloak designs have evolved over time to adapt to fashion trends and the availability of different textiles.

Coat: A coat is an outer garment worn by both men and women for warmth or style. It typically has long sleeves and closes at the front with buttons, zippers, or other fasteners. Coats may also include features like collars, shoulder straps, and hoods.

Glove: Gloves are hand coverings with separate sheaths for each finger, including the thumb. They provide protection and comfort to hands from cold, heat, friction, abrasion, chemicals, and disease. Gloves also act as a barrier for avoiding direct contact with certain objects or substances.

Hat: A hat is a versatile head covering worn for protection, ceremonies, religious purposes, safety, or as a fashion statement. It can include mechanical features like visors and spikes, and belongs to the broader category of headgear.

Underwear: Underwear, also known as undergarments or underclothing, is clothing worn beneath outer clothes, in direct contact with the skin. Its main functions include protecting outer clothing from soiling, reducing friction against the skin, shaping the body, and providing support and concealment. Some religious undergarments exist, and certain items have dual uses as both underwear and outerwear. Additionally, underwear can serve as nightwear, swimwear, or can be designed for sexual attraction or visual appeal.

Bra: A bra is a form-fitting undergarment primarily used to support and cover a woman's breasts. It typically consists of a chest band, shoulder straps, and breast cups. Bras come in various styles and sizes, including front-fastening and backless designs. They serve specific purposes like nursing bras for breastfeeding and sports bras for minimizing discomfort during exercise.

Diaper: A diaper/nappy is underwear that absorbs waste to prevent soiling. It requires regular changing to prevent skin problems.

Belt (clothing): A belt is a flexible strap worn around the waist made of leather, plastic or heavy cloth. It forms a loop with a buckle and comes in different sizes to adjust to waist measurements.

Button: A button is a fastener used to join fabric pieces by sliding through a buttonhole or loop.

Handbag: A handbag is a large bag with a handle, used to carry personal items. It is also known as a purse in North America, and sometimes called a pocketbook in certain U.S. regions.

Scarf: A scarf is a versatile accessory worn on the neck, shoulders, or head. It provides warmth, sun protection, and can be made from various materials like wool, silk, and cotton. Often used for fashion or to display support for a sports team, scarves are a popular and timeless item of neckwear.

Umbrella: An umbrella is a portable canopy made of wooden or metal ribs attached to a pole, providing protection against rain. It can also be called a parasol, which is used to shield oneself from sunlight. The main distinction lies in the canopy material: umbrellas are waterproof while some parasols are not. Umbrella canopies are typically made of fabric or flexible plastic and there are also hybrid versions known as en-tout-cas.

Wallet: A wallet is a small, flat case or pouch used to carry personal items like cash, debit/credit cards, identification documents, photos, transit passes, and business cards. It is typically made of fabric or leather, pocket-sized, and foldable.

Zipper: A zipper, also known as a zip or zip fastener, is a device used to bind two edges of fabric or flexible materials. It is commonly found in clothing, bags, and camping gear, and comes in various sizes, shapes, and colors. The original design of the zipper was patented in 1892 by Whitcomb L. Judson from Chicago, and it has since evolved into the modern device we know today.

Jewellery: Jewellery is decorative items worn for personal adornment, including brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, pendants, bracelets, and cufflinks. It can be attached to the body or clothes. Traditionally, jewellery consists of durable ornaments made of metals like gold and gemstones, but other materials like glass, shells, and plant materials can be used.

Hairstyle: A hairstyle is the styling of hair, whether on the head, face, or body. It is part of personal grooming, fashion, and cosmetics, influenced by practical, cultural, and popular factors.

Beard: A beard is the hair that grows on the jaw, chin, lips, cheeks, and neck of humans and certain animals. It typically starts growing in pubescent or adult males around the age of 21.

Moustache: A moustache is facial hair grown above the upper lip and under the nose. It is worn in various styles throughout history.

Wig: A wig is a head covering made from human or animal hair, or synthetic materials. It can be worn to conceal baldness, change appearance, or as part of professional uniforms. The term comes from "periwig."

Cosmetics: Cosmetics are mixtures of chemical compounds that can be derived from natural or synthetic sources. They serve various purposes including personal care, skin care, and enhancing one's appearance through makeup. They can cleanse, protect, conceal blemishes, enhance features, add color, and even change the appearance to resemble something else. Additionally, cosmetics can also be used to add fragrance to the body.

Perfume: Perfume is a liquid mixture of fragrant oils, chemicals, and solvents used to give a pleasant scent to the human body, animals, objects, and spaces. It is composed of essential oils and manmade aromatic chemicals. Perfumes have historically played a significant role in the advancement of organic chemistry.

Mask: Masks, worn on the face or elsewhere on the body, have been used for centuries for protection, disguise, rituals, and entertainment. They serve both practical and ceremonial purposes, and are commonly utilized in performing arts.

Nudity: Nudity refers to the state of being without clothing. Humans were naked for the majority of pre-history, until body adornments became prevalent. Indigenous peoples in warm climates used clothing for decoration and ceremony but often remained nude due to a lack of shame or need for protection. In some societies, children were naked until puberty, and women did not cover their breasts due to their association with nursing rather than sexuality.

Eating: Eating is the act of consuming food to obtain energy and nutrients for growth in heterotrophic organisms. Various species have different dietary requirements: carnivores eat other animals, herbivores consume plants, omnivores have a mixture of plant and animal matter, while detritivores feed on detritus. Unlike animals, fungi digest organic matter externally.

Food: Food is a substance consumed by organisms to support nutrition. It can be of plant, animal, or fungal origin and provides essential nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Organisms ingest and assimilate food to obtain energy, maintain life, and promote growth. Various species have different feeding behaviors that are adapted to their metabolic needs and specific ecological niches in specific geographical contexts.

Drink: A drink is a liquid for humans that quenches thirst and has cultural significance. Common types include water, milk, juice, smoothies, soft drinks, coffee, tea, and hot chocolate. Caffeinated drinks with caffeine are also popular throughout history.

Drinking: Drinking is the intake of liquids by swallowing, which occurs through the mouth or other openings in the body. Peristalsis in the esophagus assists in the process. Drinking methods can differ significantly among various animal species.

Meal: A meal is a specific eating occasion at a particular time, which involves consuming food. The names for meals in English can vary based on culture, time of day, or meal size.

Breakfast: Breakfast is the morning meal that breaks the fasting period of the previous night. It varies by region and tradition and consists of a variety of food choices.

Lunch: Lunch is a midday meal that typically follows breakfast and varies in size across different cultures and regions.

Dinner: Dinner is the largest and most formal meal in many Western cultures. It used to be eaten around midday but gradually shifted to later times. The word has different meanings across cultures and can refer to a meal of any size at any time. It is sometimes used for a midday or early afternoon meal on special occasions. In hot climates, dinner is typically consumed in the evening.

Dessert: Dessert is a sweet course served at the end of a meal, typically consisting of cake and possibly a beverage like dessert wine. It may also involve sweetening typically savory foods. However, not all cultures have a tradition of serving dessert to conclude a meal.

Dieting: Dieting is the regulated practice of consuming food to control body weight and address health conditions. Different calorie-reduced diets are equally effective for weight loss, but long-term adherence is key for success. Individual outcomes of dieting can vary significantly.

Snack: A snack is a small portion of food consumed between meals, typically not exceeding 200 calories. They can be packaged or homemade, made from fresh ingredients or processed foods.

Vegetable: Vegetables encompass various plant parts consumed as food by humans and animals. This term includes all edible plant matter like flowers, fruits, stems, leaves, roots, and seeds. However, its definition may vary based on culinary and cultural traditions. Certain foods like fruits, flowers, nuts, and cereals might be excluded, while savory fruits like tomatoes and courgettes, flowers like broccoli, and seeds like pulses could be included.

Vegetarianism: Vegetarianism is a dietary choice where individuals avoid eating meat and by-products of animal slaughter.

Veganism: Veganism is a lifestyle that avoids animal products, including in diet, and opposes treating animals as commodities. Vegans are individuals who follow this diet and philosophy.

Cuisine: Cuisine refers to a cooking style tied to a specific culture or region. It incorporates distinct ingredients, techniques, and dishes. Regional customs, ingredients, and preparation methods contribute to the creation of unique dishes.

Fast food: Fast food is commercial, mass-produced food that prioritizes quick service. It is sold in restaurants or stores and typically contains preheated or precooked ingredients served in take-out packaging. The concept originated as a strategy to cater to busy commuters, travelers, and wage workers. The global fast food industry was valued at approximately $570 billion in 2018.

Chinese cuisine: Chinese cuisine originated in China and has spread to other parts of the world through the Chinese diaspora. It has greatly influenced other Asian cuisines and beyond, with adaptations to suit different tastes. Popular Chinese food staples like rice, soy sauce, noodles, tea, chili oil, and tofu are now widely available globally. The use of utensils such as chopsticks and the wok is also widespread.

French cuisine: French cuisine is a culinary tradition originating from France. It can be traced back to the 14th century with the emergence of early recipe collections such as Le Viandier. Throughout history, influential chefs like Taillevent, François Pierre La Varenne, and Marie-Antoine Carême played significant roles in establishing a distinct and indigenous style of cooking in France by minimizing foreign influences.

Indian cuisine: Indian cuisine, originating from the Indian subcontinent, encompasses regional and traditional cooking styles. With vast diversity in soil, climate, culture, ethnic groups, and occupations, it offers a wide array of dishes. The cuisine utilizes locally sourced spices, herbs, vegetables, and fruits, resulting in significant variations between different regions.

Japanese cuisine: Japanese cuisine is a diverse and intricate culinary tradition that reflects centuries of cultural influences. It centers around rice and miso soup, while seasonality is highly valued. The cuisine showcases an array of seafood, often grilled or served raw in sushi and sashimi. Side dishes commonly include pickled vegetables, deep-fried tempura, and noodles like soba and udon. Simmered dishes like oden and sukiyaki are also popular. This cuisine encompasses a rich variety of flavors and cooking techniques.

Italian cuisine: Italian cuisine is a Mediterranean cooking style developed in Italy since ancient Roman times. It involves a range of ingredients, recipes, and cooking techniques that have spread globally due to Italian diaspora. The cuisine has been influenced by other cultures and underwent major changes with the discovery of the Americas, introducing new ingredients like potatoes, tomatoes, maize, capsicums, and sugar beet. Italian cuisine is highly recognized and widely cherished worldwide.

Mexican cuisine: Mexican cuisine, with its roots in Mesoamerican cooking, encompasses the culinary traditions of modern-day Mexico. It originated from ancient civilizations like the Olmec and Maya, who introduced ingredients like maize and nixtamalization. Over time, various Mesoamerican groups such as the Teotihuacanos, Toltec, and Zapotec contributed their unique cooking methods. With the rise of the Mexica Triple Alliance, Mexican cuisine became diverse and rich in flavor.

Middle Eastern cuisine: Middle Eastern cuisine is a diverse collection of cuisines originating from the Middle East and West Asia. It is characterized by the use of ingredients like olives, olive oil, pitas, honey, sesame seeds, dates, sumac, chickpeas, mint, rice, and parsley. Popular dishes in Middle Eastern cuisine include kebabs, dolmas, falafel, baklava, yogurt, doner kebab, shawarma, and mulukhiyah.

Bar (establishment): A bar is a retail establishment that serves alcoholic beverages and sometimes food. It is also known as a saloon, tavern, pub, or club. These establishments typically offer a variety of drinks, including beer, wine, liquor, and cocktails. Bars may also sell snacks for consumption on the premises. The term "bar" refers to the countertop where drinks are prepared and served.

Restaurant: A restaurant is a food business that serves meals and drinks to customers, offering dine-in, take-out, and delivery services. Restaurants differ in appearance, cuisine, and service models, ranging from fast-food to family to high-end luxury establishments.

Food preservation: Food preservation is the practice of making food more resistant to microorganism growth and slowing down fat oxidation. It includes methods to inhibit decomposition, rancidification, and visual deterioration. Preservation reduces food waste, decreases production costs, improves efficiency, enhances food security and nutrition, and contributes to environmental sustainability by reducing the environmental impact of food production.

Pickling: Pickling is a preservation technique that involves fermenting or soaking food in vinegar to extend its shelf life. This process alters the texture and flavor of the food, resulting in a pickle. Various foods can be pickled, including vegetables, fruits, mushrooms, meats, fish, dairy, and eggs.

Smoking (cooking): Smoking is a cooking method that uses smoke from burning or smoldering wood to add flavor and preserve food. It is commonly used for meat, fish, and lapsang souchong tea.

Brewing: Brewing is the process of making beer by soaking a starch source in water and fermenting the resulting liquid with yeast. It can be done commercially, at home, or communally. This practice dates back to ancient civilizations like Egypt, China, and Mesopotamia. The brewing industry has been an important part of Western economies since the nineteenth century.

Canning: Canning is a food preservation method that seals and processes food in airtight containers, providing a shelf life of 1-5+ years. Certain freeze-dried canned products can even last up to 30 years while remaining edible.

Cooking: Cooking is the art, science, and craft of using heat to make food tastier, easier to digest, more nutritious, and safe. It encompasses a wide range of techniques and ingredients, from grilling over fire to baking in ovens, adapting to local conditions.

Baking: Baking is a cooking method that uses dry heat, typically in an oven, to transform batters and doughs into delicious baked goods with a firm, crusty exterior and a moist, soft center. It can be done with bread, cookies, cakes, and other foods. Baking can also be combined with grilling to create a barbecue variant. This cooking technique is related to barbecuing due to the similar concept of using an enclosed cooking space.

Frying: Frying is a cooking method that involves using oil or fat to cook various types of food. It is similar to sautéing, but pan-fried dishes are usually flipped over during cooking for even results. A wide range of foods can be fried.

Grilling: Grilling is a quick cooking method that applies heat directly to food surfaces, often using a grill or pan. It uses direct, radiant heat to cook meat and vegetables efficiently.

Steaming: Steaming is a cooking method that uses steam to cook food. It can be done using a food steamer or a wok. Steam pits have been found in the American southwest dating back 5,000 years. Steaming is considered a healthy cooking technique suitable for a wide range of foods.

Cooking oil: Cooking oil is a fat derived from plants or animals, used for frying and baking. It allows for higher cooking temperatures, distributing heat evenly and reducing burning. It adds flavor and is also used in non-heated food preparations like dressings and dips.

Vegetable oil: Vegetable oil refers to oils derived from seeds or other parts of fruits. These oils contain mixtures of triglycerides, similar to animal fats. Examples include soybean oil, grape seed oil, and cocoa butter from seeds, as well as olive oil, palm oil, and rice bran oil from other fruit parts. In everyday language, vegetable oil typically denotes liquid vegetable fats at room temperature, and they are commonly consumed.

Bread: Bread is a widely consumed food made by baking a dough of flour and water. It has a significant history, being one of the oldest human-made foods and a vital part of various cultures' diets worldwide. Additionally, bread holds a crucial role in religious practices and secular traditions.

Flatbread: Flatbread is a type of bread made by rolling flattened dough composed of flour, liquid (such as water, milk, or yogurt), and salt. These breads can either be unleavened or leavened, like pita bread.

Cereal: Cereal refers to grasses grown for their edible grains, which consist of an endosperm, germ, and bran. Cereal grains like rice, wheat, oats, barley, rye, millet, and maize are staple crops worldwide, providing significant food energy. Pseudocereals like buckwheat, quinoa, and chia, from different plant families, also yield edible grains.

Flour: Flour is a versatile powder made by grinding grains, roots, beans, nuts, or seeds. It is used in various foods worldwide. Wheat flour is essential for making bread, while corn flour is significant in Mesoamerican cuisine. Rye flour is a common ingredient in bread in both Central and Northern Europe.

Eggs as food: Eggs as food have been consumed by humans and their ancestors for millions of years. Chicken eggs are the most widely consumed, with Southeast Asians starting to eat them by 1500 BCE. Eggs from other birds are less common, and reptile, amphibian, and fish eggs are also consumed, known as roe or caviar.

Honey: Honey is a sweet and sticky substance produced by bees, primarily honey bees, to nourish their colonies. Bees collect plant secretions or the secretions of other insects, like aphids, and refine them through regurgitation, enzymatic activity, and water evaporation in the hive. The end result is a thick, viscous liquid rich in sugars.

Lard: Lard is a white, semi-solid fat obtained from pigs' fatty tissue, distinct from tallow derived from cattle or sheep fat.

Meat: Meat is animal flesh consumed as food. Throughout history, humans have obtained meat by hunting, farming, and scavenging. The Neolithic Revolution enabled domestication of various animals like chickens, sheep, rabbits, pigs, and cattle, paving the way for large-scale meat production in slaughterhouses.

Beef: Beef, derived from cattle, is a versatile meat that can be prepared in various ways. It is a rich source of protein, iron, and vitamin B12. However, high consumption, particularly of processed beef, is linked to an elevated risk of colorectal cancer and coronary heart disease. Additionally, beef production is environmentally impactful, contributing significantly to deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions.

Veal: Veal is the meat of young calves, usually male dairy breed calves that are not used for breeding. It is more expensive than beef and can be produced from calves of any sex or breed. Veal production is a means to add value to dairy bull calves and make use of whey solids, a byproduct from cheese manufacturing.

Lamb and mutton: Lamb and mutton refer to the meat of domestic sheep. Lamb meat comes from sheep in their first year, while hogget is the term for meat from sheep in their second year. Mutton refers to meat from older sheep. Outside select countries, terms like "hogget" and "sheep meat" are not commonly used by consumers. Hogget is gaining popularity in England, especially in the North, often connected to rare breed and organic farming practices.

Pork: Pork is the meat from pigs, widely consumed globally. Its origins trace back to 5000 BCE, showcasing the long history of pig husbandry.

Bacon: Bacon is salt-cured pork derived from the belly or less fatty parts of the back. It is enjoyed as a side dish, used in recipes as a primary ingredient or flavor enhancer.

Ham: Ham is preserved pork from the leg that can be wet or dry cured, with or without smoking. It encompasses whole cuts and mechanically formed meat.

Poultry: Poultry refers to domesticated birds raised by humans for meat, eggs, or feathers. Poultry farming is the practice of raising these birds, primarily those belonging to the Galloanserae superorder, especially the order Galliformes. It also includes waterfowls from the Anatidae family and other flying birds, such as young pigeons, reared and slaughtered for their meat. However, wild birds hunted for food, known as game or quarry, are not considered poultry.

Chicken as food: Chicken is a popular poultry worldwide due to its easy and affordable farming. As a result, chicken meat and eggs are widely used in various cuisines.

Sausage: A sausage is a meat product made from ground meat, usually pork, beef, or poultry, mixed with salt, spices, and other flavorings. It may also contain fillers or extenders like grains or breadcrumbs.

Offal: Offal, known as variety meats or organ meats, refers to the internal organs of animals after slaughter. The specific organs considered offal may differ across cultures, excluding skeletal muscle. Additionally, offal can also include by-products of processed grains like corn or wheat.

Seafood: Seafood refers to edible sea life such as fish and shellfish. This includes molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. In the past, marine mammals like cetaceans and seals were also consumed, but this is less common today. Sea vegetables like seaweed are widely consumed in Asia.

Fish as food: Fish are widely caught and eaten by people globally. They have long been an important source of protein and nutrients in human diets.

Milk: Milk is a white liquid food from mammals' mammary glands, providing vital nutrition for young mammals until they can eat solids. It enhances immunity with antibodies in early lactation milk known as colostrum, reducing disease risks. Milk is nutrient-rich with protein and lactose.

Butter: Butter is a dairy product made from churning cream and contains around 80% butterfat. It is a semi-solid emulsion and is commonly used as a spread or melted as a condiment. Additionally, it serves various culinary purposes such as baking, sauce-making, and pan frying.

Cream: Cream is a dairy product made by skimming the fatty layer from milk before it is homogenized. This separation process is achieved using machines called separators. Cream comes in different grades based on its butterfat content and can be turned into a powder for easy transport. It has a high concentration of saturated fat.

Cheese: Cheese is a versatile dairy product made by curdling milk protein using enzymes like rennet. It comes in various flavors, textures, and forms. The curds are separated from the liquid whey, pressed, and often develop aromatic molds.

Ice cream: Ice cream is a frozen dessert made from milk or cream, sugar or an alternative sweetener, and flavored with spices or fruits. It may also contain food coloring and stabilizers to prevent ice crystal formation. Air is incorporated during the freezing process to create a smooth texture. Alternatively, it can be made by whisking a flavored cream base with liquid nitrogen. The resulting semi-solid foam is malleable at low temperatures and becomes more flexible as it warms up.

Yogurt: Yogurt is a fermented food made from milk using yogurt cultures. It has a creamy texture and a tangy taste due to lactic acid produced during fermentation. Cow's milk is commonly used, but yogurt can also be made from milk of other animals like goats or camels. The type of milk used and its processing methods influence the final product.

Margarine: Margarine is a widely used spread in cooking and baking, commonly used as a butter substitute. While it was originally made from animal fats, today's margarine is mainly derived from vegetable oil. The name "margarine" comes from combining Latin and Greek words, and it was initially called "oleomargarine."

Soy milk: Soy milk, also called soya milk, is a plant-based drink made by soaking and grinding soybeans, then boiling and filtering the mixture. It is an emulsion of oil, water, and protein, originally an intermediate product for making tofu. Originating in China, it gained popularity in Europe and North America with improved taste and consistency. Soy milk serves as a substitute for dairy milk for vegans and those with lactose intolerance.

Tofu: Tofu, also known as bean curd, is a versatile food made by coagulating soy milk and pressing into solid white blocks. It has varying levels of softness and is commonly used as a meat substitute in Western cooking. Originating from China, tofu has been a traditional ingredient in Asian cuisines for over 2,000 years.

Condiment: A condiment is a flavoring added to food after cooking to enhance or complement the dish. It can be served separately, allowing the diner to add it according to their taste.

Herb: Herbs are plants used for flavoring, garnishing, medicinal purposes, or fragrance. They are distinct from vegetables and spices, as they mainly refer to the leafy or flowering parts of a plant. Spices, on the other hand, are dried and obtained from various plant parts like seeds, bark, roots, and fruits.

Sauce: A sauce is a liquid or semi-solid food used to enhance the flavor and appearance of other dishes. It is commonly added to meals for moisture and taste. The term "sauce" comes from the Latin word salsa, meaning salted. Garum, a fish sauce, is one of the earliest European sauces, while doubanjiang, a Chinese soybean paste, was mentioned in ancient texts.

Spice: Spices are plant substances used for flavoring or coloring food, distinct from herbs. They can also be used in medicine, religious rituals, cosmetics, or perfume production. Plant-based sweeteners like sugar are not classified as spices.

Chutney: Chutney is a versatile spread commonly found in Indian cuisine. It comes in various forms including tomato relish, peanut garnish, yogurt, cucumber, coconut, onion, or mint dipping sauce.

Fruit preserves: Fruit preserves are sweetened fruit preparations preserved primarily with sugar and sometimes acid. Typically stored in glass jars, they serve as condiments or spreads.

Ketchup: Ketchup is a sweet and sour table condiment. It is commonly associated with tomato ketchup, but historically, it contained various ingredients like mushrooms, oysters, and walnuts.

Mayonnaise: Mayonnaise, or "mayo", is a cold, creamy sauce used on sandwiches, burgers, salads, and fries. It serves as a base for sauces like tartar, fry sauce, remoulade, salsa golf, ranch dressing, and rouille.

Mustard (condiment): Mustard is a popular condiment derived from mustard plant seeds.

Salt: Salt is a mineral primarily made of sodium chloride. It is also known as table salt or rock salt. Salt is vital for life and contributes to the basic taste of saltiness. It has been used for thousands of years to enhance the taste of food and preserve it through salting, brining, and pickling.

Soy sauce: Soy sauce is a Chinese condiment with a fermented paste made from soybeans, roasted grain, brine, and molds like Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus sojae. It is known for its strong umami flavor.

Sugar: Sugar refers to sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates used in food. It includes simple sugars like glucose, fructose, and galactose, as well as compound sugars like sucrose, lactose, and maltose. White sugar is a refined form of sucrose. Compound sugars are broken down into simple sugars in the body.

Vinegar: Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid and other compounds, usually containing 5-8% acetic acid. It is made by fermenting simple sugars into ethanol with yeast, and then converting ethanol to acetic acid with bacteria. Different types of vinegar are produced using different source materials. Vinegar is commonly used in cooking and pickling, and as a condiment or garnish. Examples include balsamic vinegar and malt vinegar.

Biscuit: A biscuit is a commonly consumed baked food made from flour, typically sweet and sometimes savory. It is usually hard, flat, and unleavened, and can be flavored with sugar, chocolate, jam, ginger, or cinnamon. Some popular types include sandwich biscuits, digestives, shortbread, chocolate chip cookies, Anzac biscuits, and speculaas.

Breakfast cereal: Breakfast cereal is a processed grain food commonly consumed as part of breakfast or as a snack, particularly in Western societies.

Cake: Cake is a baked flour confection made with sugar and other ingredients. Originally derived from bread, cakes have evolved into a diverse range of preparations resembling desserts like pastries, meringues, custards, and pies.

Candy: Candy, also known as sweets or lollies, is a type of confection made primarily from sugar. It falls under the category of sugar confectionery and includes various treats like chocolate, chewing gum, and sugar candy. The term "candied" refers to vegetables, fruits, or nuts that have been coated in sugar.

Casserole: A casserole is a deep pan used for cooking and serving a variety of dishes in the oven. It can also refer to the meals cooked in this vessel, while the pan itself may be called a "casserole dish" or "casserole pan".

Chocolate: Chocolate is a versatile food made from roasted cacao seeds, found in liquid, solid, or paste form. It has been enjoyed since ancient times, with Mesoamerican civilizations consuming chocolate beverages. Introduced to Europe in the 16th century.

Curry: Curry is a popular South Asian dish, known for its sauce seasoned with flavorful spices. It is often made with leaves from the curry tree in southern India.

Dumpling: A dumpling is a dish made of cooked dough, wrapped around a filling consisting of various ingredients such as meat, fish, tofu, vegetables, or cheese. It can be prepared using different types of dough, like bread, wheat, potato-based, and cooked using various methods. Dumplings are a popular feature in cuisines worldwide.

Noodle: Noodles are a popular food made from dough that is flattened, cut, stretched, or extruded into long strips. They are a staple in many cultures and come in various shapes.

Pasta: Pasta is a staple food of Italian cuisine, made from a dough of wheat flour or other alternatives like rice flour or legumes, shaped into sheets or other forms, and then boiled or baked.

Pastry: Pastry is a type of baked food made from a dough of flour, water, and shortening. It can be either savory or sweetened. Sweetened pastries are known as bakers' confectionery. Pastries encompass a variety of baked products made from ingredients like flour, sugar, milk, butter, shortening, baking powder, and eggs. Examples of pastry dishes include pies, tarts, quiches, croissants, and pasties.

Pie: A pie is a baked dish with a pastry dough casing and a filling of sweet or savory ingredients. Sweet pies can have fruit, nuts, preserves, or sweetened vegetables. Savory pies can have meat, eggs, cheese, or a mixture of meat and vegetables.

Pizza: Pizza is an Italian dish made of round, flat dough topped with tomatoes, cheese, and other ingredients. It is baked at a high temperature, often in a wood-fired oven.

Porridge: Porridge is a versatile food made by boiling grains in milk or water. It can be sweetened with sugar, honey, or fruit, or made savory by adding spices, meat, or vegetables. Oat porridge is a popular type, and gruel is a thinner version. Congee is a savory Asian variation.

Sushi: Sushi is a traditional Japanese dish consisting of seasoned rice combined with various ingredients like seafood and vegetables. The key component is the "sushi rice" or shari, which is prepared with vinegar, sugar, and salt. Sushi comes in different styles, with raw or cooked seafood being the most common choice. Its presentation and ingredients can vary greatly.

Salad: A salad is a dish made of mixed ingredients, usually vegetables, served cold or at room temperature. It can also be served warm. Salad dressings and condiments are commonly used to enhance the flavors.

Sandwich: A sandwich is a food that involves bread with various fillings like meat, cheese, or vegetables. It started as a portable finger food in the Western world but has now gained global popularity.

Hamburger: A hamburger, also known as a burger, is a sandwich made with a ground beef patty placed inside a sliced bun. It can be served with various toppings like cheese, lettuce, tomato, onion, pickles, bacon, or chilis, along with condiments like ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, or relish. It is often served on sesame seed buns. When a patty is topped with cheese, it is called a cheeseburger.

Soup: Soup is a liquid food served warm, made by combining meat or vegetables with stock, milk, or water. It involves boiling ingredients to extract flavors, forming a broth. Soups are similar to stews but generally have more liquid.

Stew: A stew is a dish made by cooking solid food ingredients in liquid, resulting in a gravy-like consistency. It typically includes a combination of vegetables and meat, including tougher cuts suitable for slow-cooking. Stock or water is used as cooking liquid, with the addition of red wine or other alcohol for flavor. Seasonings and flavorings are added, and stews are cooked at a low temperature to allow flavors to blend together.

Drinking water: Drinking water, or potable water, is safe for ingestion either in liquid form or indirectly through food preparation. It is often provided through taps as tap water, which generally meets quality standards in developed countries. Additionally, tap water is commonly used for washing, toilets, and irrigation. Greywater may also be used for toilets or irrigation, but there are associated risks.

Juice: Juice is a liquid extracted from fruits and vegetables, or it can be flavored with concentrates. It is commonly consumed as a beverage or used as an ingredient in food and beverages. The development of pasteurization methods allowed for its preservation. New Zealand and Colombia are the biggest fruit juice consumers, and consumption generally increases with income level.

Soft drink: Soft drinks are water-based flavored drinks. They can be carbonated or not, and contain added sweeteners. Flavors can be natural or artificial. Common sweeteners include sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, fruit juice, or substitutes. Soft drinks may also include caffeine, colorings, preservatives, and other ingredients.

Coca-Cola: Coca-Cola, also known as Coke, is a popular carbonated soft drink made by the Coca-Cola Company. It is consumed worldwide, with over 1.8 billion servings consumed daily in 2013. Coca-Cola is ranked as the 87th largest US corporation by revenue and is recognized as the sixth most valuable brand globally according to Interbrand's 2020 study.

Coffee: Coffee is a popular drink made from roasted beans known for its bitter taste, dark color, and slight acidity. Its caffeine content provides a stimulating effect on humans, making it highly consumed worldwide, particularly in hot drink markets.

Hot chocolate: Hot chocolate, also called hot cocoa or drinking chocolate, is a warm beverage made by melting chocolate or cocoa powder in milk or water, along with a sweetener. It is commonly served with whipped cream or marshmallows and can be thick and less sweet if prepared with melted chocolate.

Tea: Tea is an aromatic beverage made from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. It is widely consumed worldwide after water. Different types of tea have varying flavors, ranging from cooling and bitter to sweet, nutty, floral, or grassy. Tea is known for its stimulating effect, largely due to its caffeine content.

Alcoholic beverage: An alcoholic beverage is a drink with ethanol, produced through fermenting grains, fruits, or sugar sources. It is consumed for social reasons in various cultures. These beverages are categorized as beers, wines, or spirits and have alcohol content ranging from 3% to 50%.

Beer: Beer is a popular alcoholic beverage, brewed from cereal grains like malted barley, wheat, corn, rice, or oats. Its fermentation produces ethanol and carbonation. Hops are commonly added for bitterness, flavor, and preservation, while other ingredients like herbs or fruits may be used instead. Commercially, natural carbonation is often substituted with forced carbonation.

Wine: Wine is an alcoholic drink produced by fermenting fruit sugars with yeast, resulting in ethanol and carbon dioxide. While it can be made from various fruits, grape wine is the most common term used.

Cider: Cider is an alcoholic beverage made from fermented apple juice, popular in the UK, Ireland, and their former colonies. It is also enjoyed in countries like Portugal, France, Spain, and Germany. In the US and Canada, alcoholic ciders are called hard cider, distinct from non-alcoholic apple cider. Cider typically has a higher alcohol content in the South West of England. In Canada, cider should contain between 2.5% and 13% alcohol by volume.

Cocktail: A cocktail is an alcoholic mixed drink made by combining spirits with various ingredients like juices, flavored syrups, tonic water, shrubs, and bitters. Cocktails differ greatly across the globe and numerous websites offer original recipes and variations of well-known cocktails.

Liquor: Liquor is a distilled alcoholic drink made from fermented grains, fruits, vegetables, or sugar. It contains higher alcohol content than other beverages, earning it the label "hard liquor." Often referred to as spirits, liquors like vodka, rum, gin, and tequila go through a distillation process to increase their alcohol content. Aging in barrels produces brandy and whiskey, while flavorings are added to create flavored liquors such as absinthe.

Brandy: Brandy is a liquor made by distilling wine and typically contains 35-60% alcohol. It is enjoyed as a digestif after dinner. Some brandies are aged in wooden casks, while others are colored to imitate aging. Cognac and Armagnac from France are highly esteemed examples of wine brandy.

Gin: Gin is an alcoholic drink made by distilling juniper berries and other botanical ingredients, resulting in various flavors and aromas.

Liqueur: Liqueur is a sweet alcoholic drink made by combining spirits with sugar, fruits, herbs, and spices. It is often enjoyed after desserts and aged briefly to allow the flavors to mix.

Rum: Rum is a liquor made from fermenting and distilling sugarcane molasses or juice. It is often aged in oak barrels. Originally from Barbados, rum is now produced in many sugar-producing regions worldwide, including the Philippines, where the largest rum producer, Tanduay Distillers, is based.

Sake: Sake, also known as Japanese rice wine, is an alcoholic drink made by fermenting polished rice. Unlike wine, sake follows a brewing process similar to beer, converting starch into sugars that ferment into alcohol. This traditional beverage has its origins in Japan and is considered a significant part of their culture.

Tequila: Tequila is a distilled alcohol derived from blue agave, produced mainly near the city of Tequila in Mexico. It is made in the Jaliscan Highlands of Jalisco state.

Vodka: Vodka is a clear alcoholic drink originating from Poland, Russia, and Sweden. It is made by distilling fermented cereal grains and potatoes since the 1700s, but modern brands also use corn, fruits, and other bases. It mainly consists of water, ethanol, and sometimes flavorings with traces of impurities.

Whisky: Whisky is a liquor made from fermented grain mash, aged in wooden casks, typically made of charred white oak. Different grains like barley, corn, rye, and wheat are used to create various varieties. Occasionally, uncharred white oak casks from port, rum, or sherry aging are employed.

Family: The term 'Family' refers to a group of people connected through blood or marriage. It serves as the foundation for social stability and promotes the welfare of its members and society. Families ideally provide stability, organization, and security for individuals as they grow and integrate into the community. Throughout history, families have been crucial for fostering attachment, care, and socialization in most human societies.

Household: A household is a group of individuals living together in the same dwelling. It is the fundamental unit of analysis in social, economic, and government models, playing a crucial role in economics and inheritance.

Nuclear family: A nuclear family is a family group consisting of parents and their children living in one home. It is distinct from single-parent, extended, or polygamous families. Typically, a nuclear family revolves around a married couple with varying numbers of children. Definitions may differ, including or excluding step- or adopted children. Some scholars argue that extended families are more prevalent across cultures and history than nuclear families.

Extended family: An extended family expands beyond the nuclear family to include relatives such as aunts, uncles, grandparents, and cousins. They either live nearby or in the same household and can take the form of stem or joint families.

Stepfamily: A stepfamily is formed when one parent has children from a previous relationship or marriage who are not biologically related to their spouse. There are two types of stepfamilies: simple, where only one parent has a prior child and the couple has no children together, and complex or blended, where both parents have children from previous relationships.

Kinship: Kinship refers to the social connections and relationships that are essential in human societies. It encompasses various aspects such as mating, parenthood, siblingship, and socialization. Anthropologist Robin Fox suggests that studying kinship involves understanding how humans utilize these fundamental aspects of life to serve social purposes. These purposes include the upbringing of children and the establishment of economic, political, and religious groups.

Affinity (law): Affinity refers to the kinship relationship established between two individuals due to marriage. It encompasses the connections each spouse has with the other's relatives, excluding the marital bond itself. Laws and practices regarding affinity vary, often ending with the death or divorce of the marriage partners. Affinity may extend to include relationships formed through adoption or stepfamilies.

Clan: A clan is a united group of individuals connected by actual or perceived kinship. They often trace their origins back to a common ancestor, symbolizing their unity. In indigenous societies, clans did not practice endogamy, meaning members were prohibited from marrying within the same clan.

Consanguinity: Consanguinity refers to the kinship between individuals who share a common ancestor. It describes the characteristic of being related to a relative through descent.

Lineage (anthropology): A lineage in anthropology is a group that proves their common ancestry from a specific ancestor. It can be traced through mothers (matrilineal) or fathers (patrilineal), depending on the culture.

Interpersonal relationship: An interpersonal relationship is a social association between two or more people. It involves various degrees of intimacy, self-disclosure, reciprocity, and power distribution. Interpersonal relationships encompass family, kinship, friendship, love, marriage, business, employment, clubs, neighborhoods, ethical values, support, and solidarity. They are regulated by law, custom, or mutual agreement and are integral to social groups and societies. These relationships are formed through communication and actions within specific social contexts, relying on equitable and reciprocal compromises.

Friendship: Friendship is a bond of mutual affection between people that surpasses mere acquaintances or associations, like classmates or coworkers, forming a stronger interpersonal relationship.

Cohabitation: Cohabitation refers to the living arrangement of unmarried couples, who are involved in a long-term or permanent romantic or sexual relationship. This practice has become more prevalent in Western countries since the late 20th century due to changing social attitudes towards marriage, gender roles, and religion.

Concubinage: Concubinage is a relationship where a couple cannot or does not want to get married, yet engages in a sexual partnership. Although similar to marriage, the two are seen as separate and distinct.

Intimate relationship: An intimate relationship refers to an emotionally and physically close connection between individuals, which can involve romance, love, and sexual intimacy. These relationships are interdependent, with mutual influence between partners. The nature and quality of the relationship depend on unique interactions and the context developed over time. While marriage and other institutions recognize and support intimate relationships, they are not always monogamous or sexual, and norms and practices of intimacy vary across societies.

Infidelity: Infidelity refers to a breach of emotional and/or sexual commitment in a relationship, often leading to feelings of anger, sexual jealousy, and rivalry between partners.

Breakup: A breakup refers to the end of a relationship, often called "dumping" when initiated by one partner. It is not usually used for married couples, who have separations or divorces. When an engaged couple ends their relationship, it is referred to as a "broken engagement." Breakups can occur in non-romantic or platonic relationships due to the failure to maintain a friendship.

Same-sex relationship: A same-sex relationship is when two people of the same sex have a romantic or sexual connection. Same-sex marriage involves the official recognition of these relationships, while civil unions are an alternative where same-sex marriage is not allowed.

Marriage: Marriage is a recognized union between spouses that establishes rights and obligations. It varies across cultures and religions, acting as a social construct to manage conflicts and fulfill personal needs. It involves interpersonal relationships, often sexual, and can be recommended or compulsory before engaging in sexual activity. The ceremony is called a wedding, while a private marriage is known as an elopement.

Arranged marriage: Arranged marriage is a marital union where family members, usually parents, choose the bride and groom instead of the couple themselves. Sometimes, a matchmaker assists in finding a suitable spouse.

Civil union: A civil union is a legal agreement resembling marriage, designed to provide legal recognition and rights to same-sex couples. It grants some or all of the rights associated with marriage.

Courtship: Courtship is a period of getting to know each other before considering marriage or a committed relationship. It can be private or public, with the aim of encouraging a marriage proposal. It can follow a betrothal and ends with the celebration of marriage.

Dating: Dating is a process where two people interact to assess if they are compatible for a future intimate relationship. It involves social activities done together, alone or with others.

Romance (love): Romance is a profound feeling of love and strong attraction toward someone. It encompasses courtship behaviors used to express these emotions and overall affection.

Wedding: A wedding is a ceremony that unites two people in marriage, incorporating various traditions and customs from different cultures, religions, and social classes. It typically includes exchange of vows, presentation of a gift, and a public proclamation of marriage by an authority figure. Special wedding garments are worn, followed by a reception. The ceremony may include music, poetry, prayers, or readings, and often incorporates superstitious customs.

Divorce: Divorce is the legal termination of a marriage, involving the dissolution of marital responsibilities and bonds under the rule of law. It is a court process that ends a marriage.

Polygamy: Polygamy involves marrying multiple spouses, with polygyny referring to a man having multiple wives and polyandry referring to a woman having multiple husbands simultaneously. In a broader context, polygamy can also encompass any form of multiple mating in sociobiology and zoology.

Monogamy: Monogamy is an exclusive partnership between two individuals, where they have only one partner at a time. It contrasts with non-monogamy and is also used to describe animal mating systems. In human culture, monogamy usually refers to two individuals committing to a sexually exclusive relationship, regardless of their sexual orientation.

Endogamy: Endogamy is the practice of marrying or forming close relationships exclusively within a specific social, religious, or ethnic group, excluding those from outside the group. This cultural norm opposes exogamy, which is the practice of marrying outside the group.

Exogamy: Exogamy is the practice of marrying outside one's social group. It is determined by the group and enforced through rules. Dual exogamy refers to the continuous intermarriage between two groups.

Parenting: Parenting encompasses the nurturing and guidance provided to a child, facilitating their overall growth and well-being. It involves fostering physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and cognitive development from infancy through adulthood. Parenting goes beyond biological ties, emphasizing the intricate process of raising a child.

Family planning: Family planning is about deciding how many children to have and when to have them. Factors like marital status, career, and financial situation can influence these decisions. Contraception and other methods are used to control the timing of reproduction when sexually active.

Adoption: Adoption is a process where one person becomes the parent of another, often a child, by legally assuming all rights and responsibilities from the biological parents.

Orphan: An orphan is a child whose parents have died, are unknown, or have permanently abandoned them. It can also refer to a child who has lost only one parent.

Husband: A husband is a man who is married and considered a spouse. The rights, responsibilities, and societal status of a husband can vary across cultures and historical periods.

Wife: A wife is a woman in a marital relationship, referred to as a widow when her partner dies. She remains a wife until legally divorced. The rights, obligations, and status of a wife vary between cultures and have changed over time.

Godparent: A godparent is a person who witnesses a child's baptism in Christianity and supports their religious education and spiritual growth. In some countries, godparents also had legal obligations. Whether in religious or civil contexts, godparents are chosen by parents to guide and mentor the child and may act as legal guardians if necessary. A godfather is a male godparent, while a godmother is a female godparent. The child being baptized is called a godchild.

Pet: A pet is an animal kept mainly for companionship or entertainment rather than for work, livestock purposes, or research. Popular pets are often chosen for their cute appearance, intelligence, and relatable personalities, although some pets are taken in simply out of altruism by their owners.

Parent: A parent is a biological progenitor or caregiver/legal guardian of a child. They contribute gametes (sperm or ovum) resulting in a 50% genetic match with their offspring. Parents can also be adoptive or through surrogacy. Orphans may be raised by grandparents or other relatives.

Father: A father is a male parent who has a relationship with a child, involving rights and obligations. This can be through biological means, such as genetic contribution or adoption. A putative father is one whose biological relationship is alleged but not confirmed. A stepfather is a non-biological male parent who is married to a child's existing parent but may not have legal rights and responsibilities.

Mother: A mother is the female parent of a child, either through giving birth or raising a child. She can also be considered a mother if she provides her egg for fertilization in gestational surrogacy.

Sibling: A sibling is a relative who shares at least one parent. Brothers and sisters are the respective male and female siblings. Those with no siblings are referred to as only children.

Twin: Twins are offspring resulting from the same pregnancy. They can be either identical, developing from one zygote, or fraternal, developing from separate eggs fertilized by different sperm. Identical twins share the same sex, while fraternal twins may or may not. In rare cases, twins can have the same mother but different fathers.

Grandparent: Grandparents are the parents of a person's mother or father. In sexually-reproducing organisms, there are a maximum of four genetic grandparents, eight great-grandparents, and so on. Around 30,000 years ago, more humans became grandparents, likely due to increased longevity. This helped preserve important information, such as finding water during droughts.

Cousin: A cousin is a relative who is the child of a parent's sibling. Specifically, a first cousin is the closest type of cousin.

Furniture: Furniture encompasses objects designed to support various human activities such as seating, eating, storage, working, and sleeping. It serves functional, decorative, and symbolic purposes, offering convenient height for work and storage. Furniture is crafted from materials like metal, plastic, and wood, often showcasing intricate woodworking joints that reflect local culture.

Bathtub: A bathtub, also called a bath or tub, is a water-holding container used for bathing people or animals. It is commonly made of acrylic, steel, cast iron, or fiberglass. Bathtubs are placed in bathrooms either alone or together with a shower.

Bed: A bed is a furniture piece designed for sleeping, resting, and relaxation.

Cabinetry: Cabinetry refers to cases or cupboards used for storage or display. They can be stand-alone or built-in to a wall. Cabinets are commonly made of wood, coated steel, or synthetic materials. Commercial grade cabinets often have a melamine-particleboard base covered with a decorative laminate like Wilsonart or Formica.

Carpet: A carpet is a floor covering with a pile made of wool or synthetic fibers like polypropylene, nylon, or polyester. It has heat-treated, twisted tufts to maintain structure. Carpets are often associated with rugs; however, rugs are smaller and not attached to the floor.

Fireplace: A fireplace is a structure made of brick, stone or metal that contains a fire. It provides a relaxing ambiance and heats a room. Modern fireplaces vary in heat efficiency based on their design.

Pillow: A pillow is a body support for comfort or therapy. It is used by humans and other species in various forms. There are different types of pillows, including throw pillows, body pillows, and decorative pillows. Pillows designed for sleeping provide support for the head and neck. Others are made to support the body while lying down or sitting. Some pillows are tailored to the human body shape for better sleep comfort. Decorative pillows used on furniture are also known as cushions.

Chair: A chair is a single-seat furniture piece with legs, a seat, and a backrest. It can be made of wood, metal, or synthetic materials and can be padded or upholstered in different colors and fabrics.

Couch: A couch, also called a sofa, is a cushioned seating furniture for multiple people. It typically has upholstered armrests, springs, and tailored cushions. While used primarily for seating, couches can also be used for sleeping. They are commonly found in homes, hotels, offices, waiting rooms, and bars. Couches come in various sizes, colors, and designs.

Shower: A shower is a bathing device that sprays warm or hot water onto a person. It typically has a drain in the floor and adjustable temperature, spray pressure, and showerhead nozzle. Showers can be simple with a swiveling nozzle or more complex with a handheld showerhead connected to a mounted bracket. They can be installed in small stalls or bathtubs with a curtain or door. Showers are popular for their efficiency compared to bathtubs and are commonly used for hygiene purposes.

Table (furniture): A table is a piece of furniture with a flat top and typically supported by 1 to 4 legs. It serves as a working surface, dining area, or for placing objects. Common types include dining room, coffee, and bedside tables. Specialized tables, such as drafting and sewing tables, are used for specific tasks like architectural drawings or sewing projects.

Chopsticks: Chopsticks, shaped pairs of sticks, have been used for over 3000 years in East and Southeast Asia. Held in the dominant hand, they serve as extensions to pick up food.

Cookware and bakeware: Cookware and bakeware are essential food preparation tools used in kitchens. Cookware includes pots, pans, and other items used on a stove, while bakeware is specifically designed for oven use. Some utensils can serve both cooking and baking purposes.

Cutlery: Cutlery refers to hand implements used for preparing, serving, and eating food in Western culture. The city of Sheffield in England is renowned for cutlery production since the 17th century. Stainless steel, invented in Sheffield during the early 20th century, brought affordable cutlery to a wider audience.

Fork: A fork is a metal utensil with a long handle and multiple narrow, curved tines. It is used to spear and hold food for cutting with a knife, or to lift food to the mouth.

Spoon: A spoon is a utensil with a shallow bowl and a handle, commonly used for eating and food preparation. It can transfer, measure, mix, stir, and serve food. Spoons are made of various materials and are used by different cultures for different purposes and foods.

Tableware: Tableware refers to the dishes, utensils, and glassware used for dining and serving food. It includes cutlery, serving dishes, and other decorative items. The variety and number of objects depend on culture, religion, cuisine, and occasion. Some cultures use bread or leaves as individual plates and may not use cutlery. Special occasions often call for higher quality tableware.

Cup: A cup is a container used for holding liquids or solids. It can be made of various materials and may have stems, handles, or other decorations. Cups are used in different cultures and social classes to quench thirst and can vary in style depending on the liquid or situation they are used for, or for decoration purposes.

Plate (dishware): A plate is a flat vessel for serving food, used for both practical and decorative purposes. It can be circular or any shape, made of water-resistant material. Plates typically have raised edges, but those without are considered bowls or dishes. They have a long history across various cultures, dating back to ancient times.

Human sexuality: Human sexuality refers to the diverse ways people express themselves sexually, including biologically, psychologically, physically, emotionally, socially, and spiritually. There is no exact definition due to historical variations, but it includes aspects of reproduction and the human sexual response cycle.

Human sexual activity: Human sexual activity refers to the ways in which humans experience and express their sexuality. It encompasses a wide range of acts, both alone and with others, done for various reasons. Engaging in sexual activity typically leads to physiological changes and arousal. It may involve conduct aimed at arousing another or improving someone's sex life, such as finding partners or engaging in personal interactions. Sexual activity follows sexual arousal.

Gender: Gender refers to the social, psychological, cultural, and behavioral aspects of being male, female, or another gender identity. It encompasses sex-based social structures, gender expression, and is often viewed in a binary way. However, some individuals identify as non-binary, outside these categories. Certain societies recognize additional genders, like the hijras of South Asia, referred to as third genders. Scholars emphasize gender's importance in social organization.

Man: A man is an adult male human, while a male human before adulthood is called a boy.

Woman: A woman is an adult female human, with the term "girl" referring to a female before adulthood.

Intersex: Intersex refers to individuals born with sex characteristics that do not align with typical male or female bodies. These variations can involve chromosomes, gonads, or genitals.

Transgender: Transgender refers to individuals whose gender identity does not align with the sex they were assigned at birth. It is an umbrella term that encompasses various identities, including transsexuals, non-binary or genderqueer individuals, and those who belong to a third gender. The term can also include cross-dressers, drag kings, and drag queens in certain contexts. However, there is no universally accepted definition of transgender.

Sexual orientation: Sexual orientation refers to an individual's long-term romantic or sexual attraction towards the opposite gender, same gender, or both, with heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, and asexuality being common categories.

Heterosexuality: Heterosexuality is a sexual orientation characterized by romantic and sexual attraction to individuals of the opposite sex or gender. It involves enduring patterns of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions, which shape a person's sense of identity and can lead to membership in a community of like-minded individuals. Heterosexual individuals are commonly referred to as straight.

Homosexuality: Homosexuality refers to the sexual and romantic attraction, as well as behavior, between individuals of the same sex or gender. It is considered a sexual orientation characterized by enduring patterns of emotional and sexual attractions exclusively to people of the same sex or gender. Additionally, homosexuality encompasses a person's sense of identity, related behaviors, and belonging to a community of others who share these attractions.

Bisexuality: Bisexuality refers to a romantic or sexual attraction towards both males and females, as well as to more than one gender. It can also include attraction to people regardless of their sex or gender identity, which is called pansexuality.

Asexuality: Asexuality refers to the absence or low interest in sexual attraction or activity. It can be seen as a sexual orientation or a lack thereof, and encompasses various identities under its broad spectrum.

Birth control: Birth control, also known as contraception, is the use of methods or devices to prevent unintended pregnancy. It has been used since ancient times, but effective and safe options emerged in the 20th century. The process of planning, providing, and utilizing birth control is called family planning. However, access to birth control can be limited or discouraged in certain cultures due to moral, religious, or political reasons.

Combined oral contraceptive pill: The combined oral contraceptive pill, also known as "the pill," is a form of birth control for women that is taken orally. It contains two hormones, progestin and estrogen, which work together to prevent pregnancy by stopping ovulation and altering the menstrual cycle.

Condom: Condoms are barrier devices used during sex to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Both male and female condoms are available.

Sex education: Sex education, also called sexual education or sex ed, teaches about human sexuality, including anatomy, reproductive health, safe sex, birth control, and emotional relationships. Comprehensive sex education covers all these topics, while abstinence-only education focuses solely on abstaining from sex. It can be taught in schools, through public health campaigns, or by parents. In some places, it is referred to as "Relationships and Sexual Health Education."

Sexual intercourse: Sexual intercourse, also called vaginal sex, involves the insertion and thrusting of the male penis inside the female vagina for pleasure and reproduction. It can also involve anal or oral sex, fingering, dildo, and vibrator use. These activities foster physical intimacy, emotional pleasure, and human bonding.

Foreplay: Foreplay is a collection of intimate acts to arouse sexual desire in one or more persons. It includes physical activities like kissing, touching, oral and manual sex, as well as nonphysical acts like mental or verbal stimulation. The term varies in meaning among individuals, encompassing different sexual practices such as removing clothes, engaging in sexual games, and role playing.

Kiss: A kiss is a touch or pressing of lips that expresses love, passion, attraction, affection, respect, or other sentiments. It varies in cultural meaning and can symbolize romance, sexual activity, greeting, peace, or good luck. It can also be a formal or symbolic gesture indicating devotion or sacramental significance. The word kiss originated from Old English.

Orgasm: Orgasm, or sexual climax, is the pleasurable release of built-up sexual tension. It involves involuntary muscular contractions in the pelvic area and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Orgasms are often accompanied by muscle spasms, a euphoric feeling, and body movements/vocalizations. After orgasm, the body tends to relax due to the release of oxytocin, prolactin, and endorphins.

Oral sex: Oral sex refers to the stimulation of genitalia using the mouth, including cunnilingus (on the vulva), fellatio (on the penis), and anilingus (on the anus).

Anal sex: Anal sex refers to the act of inserting and thrusting the erect penis into a person's anus for sexual pleasure. It can also involve anal fingering, the use of sex toys, anilingus, pegging, electrostimulation, and erotic torture. Sometimes, the term "anal intercourse" specifically refers to penile-anal penetration, while "anal sex" encompasses any form of anal sexual activity, particularly between partners rather than masturbation.

Age of consent: The age of consent is the legal minimum age at which a person can consent to engage in sexual acts. If an adult has sexual activity with someone below the age of consent, it is considered child sexual abuse or statutory rape. The younger person is the victim, while the older person is the offender. Some places have "Romeo and Juliet laws" that allow for exceptions if both participants are underage and close in age.

BDSM: BDSM is an assortment of erotic practices involving bondage, dominance and submission, discipline, and sadomasochism. It encompasses various interpersonal dynamics and often includes roleplaying. Self-identification and shared experience play a vital role in being part of the BDSM community or subculture.

Fertility: Fertility refers to the ability to conceive a child, while infertility is the difficulty or inability to reproduce naturally. The fertility rate measures the average number of children born in a person's lifetime. Infertility is defined as not being able to conceive after one year of unprotected sex and is a common issue. However, fertility specialists worldwide are available to help couples facing difficulties in conceiving.

Incest: Incest is the occurrence of sexual activity between family members or close relatives. It involves people related by blood or marriage, and is universally considered immoral and prohibited. In addition to the moral aspect, there is also an elevated risk of genetic disorders in offspring as a result.

Masturbation: Masturbation is the act of sexually stimulating one's own genitals to achieve sexual pleasure, often leading to orgasm. It can involve using hands, objects, sex toys, or occasionally, the mouth. It can be done alone or with a partner, either simultaneously or by watching each other.

Pornography: Pornography refers to sexual material, like pictures, videos, and texts, designed to arouse. It is intended for adults and has evolved from cave paintings to virtual reality. Adult content is categorized as pornography or erotica.

Promiscuity: Promiscuity refers to engaging frequently in sexual activity with different partners, without being selective. It can be seen as morally judgemental and is often associated with behaviors like one-night stands. Researchers consider the frequency of these encounters as an indication of promiscuity.

Sexual attraction: Sexual attraction refers to the ability to evoke sexual desire in others. It is based on various qualities and traits, including physical appearance, behaviour, voice, and scent. Factors such as genetics, psychology, and culture influence this attraction, which is also influenced by the individual preferences and criteria of those who are attracted.

Sexual fetishism: Sexual fetishism is a fixation on a nonliving object or non-genital body part. The fetish is the object of interest, and the person with the fetish is called a fetishist. It can be seen as a normal aid to sexual excitement or a mental disorder if it causes distress or harm to someone's life. Arousal from a specific body part is called partialism.

Prostitution: Prostitution is the exchange of sexual services for payment involving physical contact with customers, posing risks of infection transfer. It is also known as commercial sex or hooking, and colloquially referred to as "the world's oldest profession." Individuals working in this field are called prostitutes or sex workers, and may be derogatorily labeled as hookers or whores.

Virginity: Virginity is the condition of never having had sexual intercourse. Originally, it referred only to sexually inexperienced women, but now it encompasses various definitions. Some heterosexuals define it as penile-vaginal penetration, while others also include oral, anal, or manual sex based on their sexual preferences.

Child: A child is a human being from birth to puberty, possibly including the developmental period of infancy. It can also refer to an unborn human. Legally, a child is a minor, typically under the age of majority, with fewer rights and responsibilities compared to adults. They are often considered incapable of making significant decisions.

Boy: A boy refers to a young male human, typically a child or adolescent. Once a male human reaches adulthood, he is typically referred to as a man.

Girl: A girl is a young female human, usually a child or adolescent, who becomes a woman when she reaches adulthood. The term "girl" can also refer to young women, be used as a synonym for daughter or girlfriend, or serve as an endearing term for adult female friends. Its usage for adult women can be derogatory in certain contexts. The term "girl" is also found in compound words like showgirl, cowgirl, and schoolgirl.

Infant: An infant or baby is a young human offspring. It is a formal synonym for the term baby and can also be used to refer to young organisms. A newborn is colloquially used to describe an infant who is only hours, days, or up to one month old. In medical contexts, a newborn or neonate is an infant in the first 28 days after birth, including premature, full term, and postmature infants.

Preadolescence: Preadolescence is a developmental stage between middle childhood and adolescence, typically occurring between ages 9-12. It marks the period before puberty and is characterized by unique challenges and anxieties.

Adolescence: Adolescence is a period of development between puberty and adulthood. It involves both physical and psychological changes, often associated with the teenage years. However, it can start earlier or end later. Puberty typically begins in preadolescence, primarily in females. Adolescence encompasses physical growth, cognitive development, and varies in duration. While age is an unreliable marker, a commonly accepted definition is someone between the ages of 10 and 19, according to the World Health Organization.

Adult: An adult refers to a fully mature human or animal capable of reproduction. In humans, it signifies social and legal independence, responsibility, and self-sufficiency. It is contrasted with minors or non-adults. Legal adulthood is typically reached at age 18, but this can vary based on legal rights, country, and psychological development.

Young adult: A young adult is a person in the years after adolescence, typically aged 18 to 40, sometimes extending into the early to mid 40s. Definitions vary, but it generally refers to individuals before middle adulthood.

Middle age: Middle age refers to the period between childhood and old age, typically from around 40-45 years to 60-65 years. This phase is associated with gradual decline in physical, cognitive, and social abilities.

Old age: Old age encompasses the later years of life when individuals surpass life expectancy. It includes various terms like elderly, seniors, and older adults. The definition of old age differs culturally and historically. Different disciplines study the aging process, diseases in older adults, technology for support, and activities tailored to older people.

Entertainment: Entertainment is an engaging activity that captivates and brings pleasure to an audience. It can take various forms such as events or activities, all designed for the purpose of entertaining and holding the attention of the audience.

Leisure: Leisure is defined as free time away from work and daily responsibilities. It is characterized by a sense of freedom and choice, and is pursued for the experience itself. Thorstein Veblen described it as nonproductive consumption of time. The concept of free time varies across disciplines, with sociology focusing on social factors and contexts, and psychology considering the mental and emotional aspects. These approaches provide quantifiable and comparable insights into leisure.

Aquarium: An aquarium is a transparent enclosure where aquatic plants and animals are displayed. It is used by fishkeepers to house fish, invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, and plants. The term combines the Latin root aqua, meaning 'water', with -arium, meaning 'a place for relating to'.

Beauty pageant: A beauty pageant is a competition that judges and ranks contestants based on their physical attributes. Over time, pageants have expanded to include inner beauty, assessing personality, intelligence, talent, character, and charitable involvement. Private interviews and public onstage questions are used as part of the evaluation process. Initially, the term "beauty pageants" referred to the Big Four international beauty pageants.

Collecting: Collecting is a hobby that involves finding, obtaining, organizing, displaying, and preserving items of interest to an individual. Collections vary greatly in their objects, purpose, and presentation. The possibilities for collecting are endless, and collectors have explored and realized numerous subjects, although some are more popular than others.

Karaoke: Karaoke is interactive entertainment commonly found in clubs and bars, allowing people to sing along to recorded music with a microphone.

Party: A party is a social gathering hosted by someone, where invited people come together for various reasons such as socializing, recreation, or celebrating special occasions. Typical party elements include food, drinks, entertainment, and conversation.

Quiz: A quiz is a game where players answer questions on specific topics, used for assessing knowledge and skills in education. It can also be a hobby or televised for entertainment in a game show format.

Recreation: Recreation is a leisure activity that fulfills the human need for enjoyment and pleasure during discretionary time. It encompasses various activities done for fun and amusement.

Tourism: Tourism is the act of traveling for pleasure and the business that supports it. It includes activities beyond traditional holidays and involves people staying outside their usual environment for at least 24 hours, for leisure, business, or other purposes, not exceeding one consecutive year. It can be domestic or international, impacting a country's balance of payments with both incoming and outgoing implications.

Camping: Camping is an outdoor activity involving overnight stays in temporary shelters like tents or recreational vehicles. It allows participants to enjoy outdoor activities and gain educational experiences away from home. It differs from day trips or picnics by the inclusion of overnight stays.

Hiking: Hiking is a vigorous walk on trails/footpaths in the countryside. It originated in Europe during the 18th century as a leisure activity. Religious pilgrimages, involving long distances for spiritual reasons, have been practiced for much longer.

Play (activity): Play refers to activities pursued for pleasure and entertainment, driven by internal motivation. It is often associated with children but can be enjoyed at any age. Play is seen in various animals, including mammals and birds.

Playground: A playground is a designated area outdoors, often including play equipment, that is designed for children to engage in play. Some playgrounds cater to different age groups or individuals with disabilities, while others have age restrictions.

Zoo: A zoo is a place where animals are displayed to the public and sometimes bred for conservation.

Amusement park: An amusement park is a stationary park offering rides, games, and entertainment events. It provides attractions for various age groups and is more elaborate than city parks. Theme parks are a type of amusement park, with structures and attractions based on a central theme. They have multiple areas with different themes, emphasizing intricately-designed themes centered around specific subjects.

Toy: A toy is an object designed for entertainment, often used by children but also enjoyed by adults and pets. It can include items like blocks, board games, and dolls. Toys can provide exercise, cultural awareness, and educational benefits. Additionally, objects not intended as toys can be repurposed as playful tools. The term "toy" can also refer to enjoyable purchases or luxury items that provide pleasure, like high-end cars or flagship smartphones.

Action figure: An action figure is a plastic, poseable character model based on characters from various media such as films, comics, games, and TV shows. Originally created by Hasbro in 1964 to market G.I. Joe to boys, these figures are popular among boys and adult collectors.

Doll: A doll is a human-like model, often used as a toy for children. It has a global presence in traditional religious rituals and can be found in Americas, Asia, Africa, and Europe. Ancient civilizations like Egypt, Greece, and Rome first documented dolls. They have evolved from simple playthings to elaborate art. Doll manufacturing began in Germany in the 15th century, growing with industrialization and new materials like porcelain and plastic. Dolls became popular collectibles in the 20th century.

Barbie: Barbie is a popular fashion doll, created by Ruth Handler and manufactured by Mattel since 1959. It has become a figurehead for a brand of fashion dolls and accessories, dominating the toy fashion doll market for over six decades. With over a billion dolls sold, Barbie is Mattel's most profitable product line. Since 1984, Barbie has expanded into a multimedia franchise, encompassing video games, animated films, TV/web series, and even a live-action film.

Frisbee: A frisbee, also known as a flying disc, is a plastic toy used for recreational and competitive throwing and catching games. It is about 8 to 10 inches in diameter with a lip and has the shape of an airfoil. With spinning motion, it can be accurately aimed and thrown for distance. It utilizes reduced drag and increased lift to glide through the air.

Kite: A kite is a craft with wings that uses the air to generate lift and drag forces. It has tethers, anchors, and often a bridle and tail for guidance. Box kites may only have one attachment point. Anchors can be fixed or moving to balance the kite. The term is derived from the bird of prey that hovers in the air.

Lego: Lego is a popular line of plastic construction toys made by the Lego Group, based in Denmark. It includes colorful interlocking bricks, gears, minifigures, and other parts. These pieces can be used to build vehicles, buildings, robots, and more. The Lego system allows for easy assembly, disassembly, and reuse of parts to create new creations.

Marble (toy): A marble is a small spherical toy made from various materials like glass, clay, or plastic. They are commonly about 13 mm in diameter and can be used for games, marble runs, or artwork. Marbles are popular collectibles due to their nostalgic value and attractive colors.

Rubik's Cube: The Rubik's Cube is a famous 3-D puzzle invented in 1974 by Ernő Rubik. Originally called the Magic Cube, it gained worldwide recognition when it was released internationally in 1980. Over 450 million cubes have been sold, making it the world's bestselling puzzle game and toy. It won the German Game of the Year special award in 1980 and was inducted into the US National Toy Hall of Fame in 2014.

Scale model: A scale model is a smaller physical replica of an object that closely resembles its geometry. It is typically smaller than full-size prototypes such as vehicles and buildings, but larger than small-scale prototypes like anatomical structures. Models built to the same scale as the original object are called mockups.

Stuffed toy: A stuffed toy, also known as a plush toy or teddy bear, is a doll made of fabric and filled with soft material. It was first introduced by the German company Steiff in the late 19th century. Stuffed toys gained widespread popularity after the creation of the teddy bear in the United States in 1903. They are often called soft toys or cuddly toys in Britain and Australia. Many famous fictional characters, like Peter Rabbit and Winnie-the-Pooh, have been turned into patented stuffed toys. In the 1970s, Hamleys, the world's oldest toy store, acquired the rights to produce Paddington Bear stuffed toys. Additionally, Beanie Babies, created in the 1990s by Ty Warner, became highly sought-after collectibles.

Yo-yo: The yo-yo is an ancient toy with an axle, two disks, and a looped string, resembling a spool. Its existence dates back to 440 BC and it was known as a bandalore in the 17th century.

Game: A game is a structured activity for entertainment and education, often considered as work or art.

Arcade game: Arcade games are coin-operated entertainment machines found in restaurants, bars, and amusement arcades. They offer a variety of skill-based games, including video games, pinball machines, and redemption games. They are popular for their fun and interactive experiences.

Board game: Board games are tabletop games with pieces that are moved or placed on a marked board. They incorporate elements of table, card, role-playing, and miniatures games.

Maze: A maze is a puzzle consisting of paths that lead from an entrance to a goal. It can be either a branching tour puzzle or a non-branching pattern that goes through a convoluted layout. The term "labyrinth" is often used interchangeably with "maze" but can refer specifically to a single path. Mazes can have fixed pathways and walls or change dynamically during gameplay.

Puzzle: A puzzle is a game or problem that tests ingenuity or knowledge. Solvers must logically put pieces together to find the correct or fun solution. Puzzles come in various genres, including crosswords, word-search, number, relational, and logic puzzles. The academic study of puzzles is called enigmatology.

Riddle: A riddle is a puzzle presented as a statement, question, or phrase with a hidden meaning. There are two types of riddles: enigmas, which use metaphorical language and require creativity to solve, and conundra, which rely on puns in either the question or answer.

Dominoes: Dominoes are tile-based games played with rectangular pieces. Each piece has two square ends marked with a number of spots or left blank. A domino set consists of 28 tiles featuring spot counts from zero to six. The tiles are indistinguishable at the back, and the set can be used to play various games. Dominoes can also be used for the practice of domino toppling.

Mahjong: Mahjong is a tile-based game developed in 19th century China. It spread worldwide in the early 20th century and is widely played in East and Southeast Asia, as well as in Western countries. With four players, it involves skill, strategy, and luck, and is often compared to rummy. Mahjong has also gained popularity in online platforms and is different from mahjong solitaire, sometimes referred to as mahjong rummy.

Backgammon: Backgammon is a popular two-player board game with counters and dice. Its origins can be traced back thousands of years to Mesopotamia and Persia. The modern version of the game developed in 17th-century England, based on the Irish game from the 16th century.

Checkers: Checkers, also known as draughts, is a strategic board game played by two players. It involves moving uniform game pieces forward and capturing opponent pieces by jumping over them. Derived from alquerque, the game is named after the checkered board it is played on. "Draughts" comes from the verb "to draw" or "to move."

Chess: Chess is a popular board game played by two players, each controlling an army of chess pieces. The aim is to checkmate the opponent's king. Its history dates back to at least the 7th century in India. The modern rules of chess emerged in Europe in the 15th century and gained universal acceptance by the 19th century. Today, chess is widely played and enjoyed by millions around the world.

Go(game): Go is an ancient board game from China, played for over 2,500 years. The goal of the game is to encircle more territory than the opponent. With over 46 million people worldwide who know how to play, it is considered the oldest continuously played board game. Most players reside in East Asia.

Mancala: Mancala is a group of two-player strategy board games played with stones or seeds and rows of holes. The goal is to capture the opponent's pieces and secure victory.

Monopoly(game): Monopoly is a popular board game where players buy properties, develop them with houses and hotels, and collect rent from opponents. The objective is to bankrupt opponents while avoiding bankruptcy themselves. The game includes chance cards, community chest cards, and tax squares that can affect players' money. There are also house rules and various editions and spin-offs of the game. Monopoly has gained worldwide popularity, with over 275 million copies sold in more than 103 countries and printed in over 37 languages. The original game is based on Atlantic City, USA, except for Marvin Gardens.

Pachisi: Pachisi is a cross and circle board game that originated in Ancient India. It is played on a symmetrical cross-shaped board. Players move their pieces based on the number of cowrie shells thrown, with the shells' aperture determining the number of spaces to move.

Scrabble: Scrabble is a word game played by 2-4 players on a 15x15 game board. Using letter tiles, players score points by creating words in rows or columns that can be found in a dictionary.

Shogi: Shogi, also known as Japanese chess, is a highly popular strategy board game in Japan. It involves two players and is similar to Western chess, chaturanga, xiangqi, Indian chess, and janggi. The term "Shōgi" translates to a general's board game.

Xiangqi: Xiangqi, also known as Chinese chess, is a strategy board game popular in China and Vietnam. It is played by two players and belongs to the same family of games as shogi, janggi, Western chess, and Indian chess. The game is widely enjoyed in both China and areas with significant ethnic Chinese communities. In Vietnam, it is known as cờ tướng, meaning 'General's chess'.

Card game: A card game is any game using playing cards as the main tool. They can be traditional or game-specific and there are countless variations and families of related games. Some card games have standardized rules and international tournaments, while others are folk games with flexible rules that vary by region or culture.

Blackjack: Blackjack is a popular casino banking game that is played worldwide. It is a comparing card game where players compete against the dealer, using decks of 52 cards. Descending from a family of card games known as "twenty-one," it shares similarities with European games like vingt-et-un and pontoon, as well as the Russian game Ochko. Unlike other casino games, players do not compete against each other.

Contract bridge: Contract bridge is a popular trick-taking card game played by four players in two competing partnerships. Partners sit opposite each other and the game is played with a standard 52-card deck. It is widely played worldwide in clubs, tournaments, online, and at home among seniors. The World Bridge Federation is the governing body for international competitive bridge, with regional bodies overseeing the game at a local level.

Poker: Poker is a card game that involves players wagering on the best hand. It is played worldwide with varying rules. Originally played with 20 cards, it is now commonly played with a standard deck. However, in some countries, shorter packs are used. Poker games differ in deck configuration, number of cards in play, and betting rounds.

Tarot: Tarot is a pack of playing cards originating from Italy in the mid-15th century. It spread throughout Europe and evolved into various games like Tarocchini and Grosstarok. In the late 18th century, French occultists associated it with divination, resulting in custom decks for tarot card reading. Today, there are two types of tarot packs: those used for card games and those used for divination, with some older patterns occasionally used for cartomancy.

Video game: A video game is an electronic game that allows players to interact through a user interface, generating visual feedback on a display device like a TV, computer monitor, or handheld touchscreen. It usually includes audio and other sensory feedback, and can support microphone and webcam inputs for in-game communication and livestreaming.

Video game console: A video game console is an electronic device that displays and plays video games. It can be a home console, connected to a TV and controlled with a game controller, or a handheld console with its own screen and built-in controller. Hybrid consoles combine features of both.

Tetris: Tetris, created by Alexey Pajitnov in 1985, is a popular puzzle video game. It has been published by various companies for different platforms. The rights of the game were in dispute during the late 1980s but eventually reverted back to Pajitnov in 1996. He then co-founded the Tetris Company with Henk Rogers to handle licensing.

Pokémon: Pokémon is a Japanese media franchise featuring video games, TV shows, movies, and a trading card game. It revolves around a world where humans and Pokémon coexist, with Pokémon being diverse species with unique abilities. While geared towards children aged 5 to 12, it also appeals to people of all ages.

Gambling: Gambling is the act of betting something valuable on a random event to win something else valuable. It involves consideration, chance, and a prize. The outcome can be immediate or take a longer time, such as predicting the outcome of a sports contest or season. Instances of strategy are not typically considered in gambling.

Casino: A casino is a gambling facility often found near tourist attractions. It may feature hotels, restaurants, and retail shops. Some casinos also offer live entertainment like comedy shows and concerts.

Dice: Dice are small objects used in games that can land on various marked sides. They are primarily used for random value generation in tabletop games, including dice games, board games, role-playing games, and games of chance.

Lottery: A lottery is a gambling game where numbers are randomly drawn for a prize. Some governments outlaw lotteries, while others organize national or state lotteries. Governments often regulate lotteries, typically prohibiting sales to minors and requiring licensed vendors. Lotteries were illegal in the US and much of Europe until after World War II. In the 1960s, lotteries re-emerged as a revenue source for governments worldwide.

Roulette: Roulette is a casino game derived from Biribi, offering players multiple betting options. They can bet on a specific number, groupings of numbers, red or black colors, odd or even numbers, or high and low number ranges.

Slot machine: A slot machine, also called a fruit machine or poker machine, is a gambling device that offers games of chance. It is known as a one-armed bandit due to the mechanical lever on early versions, and its ability to quickly deplete players' money.

Hide-and-seek: Hide-and-seek is a children's game where players hide and one or more seekers try to find them. One player counts with closed eyes while others hide. The seeker then calls out and tries to locate all the hidden players.

Hopscotch: Hopscotch is a children's game played with a small object called a lagger. Players toss it into numbered shapes on the ground and then jump through the spaces to retrieve it. It is a physical and cognitive exercise that can be played alone or with others.

Tag (game): Tag is a popular playground game played worldwide. Players chase each other and try to touch or tag them to eliminate them from play. No teams, scores, or equipment are needed. The person who is tagged becomes "It" and has to tag others. Known by different names globally, like "running and catching" in India and "catch and cook" in the Middle East.

Crossword: A crossword is a word game where solvers enter words or phrases into a grid. Entries cross each other horizontally and vertically. Clues guide the placement of each entry. Black squares separate entries, while white squares contain one letter. The first white square is numbered to match its clue.

Jigsaw puzzle: A jigsaw puzzle is a tile-based game that involves assembling irregularly shaped interlocking pieces to form a complete picture.

Pinball: Pinball is a game where a ball is propelled into a table filled with obstacles, scoring points as it bounces around. Originally, the table had nails and pockets for scoring, but today it is played on specially designed machines in arcades. The objective is to hit lights, bumpers, ramps, and other targets to score as many points as possible using flippers. The game usually ends when all balls are lost. Major manufacturers of pinball machines include Bally Manufacturing, Gottlieb, Williams Electronics, and Stern Pinball.

Sport: Sport refers to physical activities or games that are competitive and organized, aiming to enhance physical abilities while providing enjoyment for participants and entertainment for spectators. It improves physical health and offers a wide range of options with different numbers of participants, either as individuals or teams. Sports can involve races with one winner, contests between two sides, or even ties, with tie-breaking methods if necessary. Tournaments and leagues contribute to determining champions through regular seasons and playoffs.

Doping in sport: Doping in sport refers to athletes using banned drugs to cheat and enhance their performance. This unethical practice is widely regulated by sporting organizations like the International Olympic Committee. Athletes who try to evade detection through deception aggravate the ethical violation.

Extreme sport: Extreme sports, also known as action or adventure sports, are high-risk activities that typically involve speed, height, intense physical effort, and specialized equipment. They are closely related to extreme tourism, sharing the common thrill of adrenaline caused by a certain level of risk, while differing mainly in the level of commitment and expertise required.

Women's sports: Women's sports refers to the involvement of women and girls in physical activities and exercise across time. Participation varies due to factors like geography and economic development. Organized sports for both genders began during the late industrial age.

Mascot: A mascot is a person, animal, or object that is believed to bring luck and represents a group with a common identity, like a school or sports team. It can also serve as a fictional spokesperson for consumer products.

Stadium: A stadium is a venue for outdoor events, sports, and concerts. It includes a field or stage, surrounded by a tiered structure that allows spectators to view the event.

Sports equipment: Sports equipment, or sporting goods, includes a wide range of tools, gear, and apparel used for sports. It varies depending on the sport and may include balls, nets, helmets, and other protective gear. The evolution of sporting equipment has been driven by the need for increased player safety. It can be found in department stores and specialized sporting equipment shops.

Ball: A ball is a versatile round object used in various activities such as sports, catch, and juggling. It is also employed in engineering as low friction ball bearings and in black-powder weapons as projectiles.

Asian Games: The Asian Games, also known as Asiad, is a major multi-sport event held every four years for athletes from across Asia. It was initially regulated by the Asian Games Federation until 1978, and has been organized by the Olympic Council of Asia since 1982. These Games are recognized by the International Olympic Committee and are considered the second largest multi-sport event after the Olympics.

Olympic Games: The Olympic Games are leading international sporting events that feature thousands of athletes from around the world competing in summer and winter sports. They are considered the world's foremost sports competition and often substitute for World Championships. The Games are held every four years, alternating between summer and winter Olympics.

Ancient Olympic Games: The Ancient Olympic Games were athletic competitions held in honor of Zeus at the religious sanctuary of Olympia in Ancient Greece. They began in 776 BC and were held every four years. The games ended in AD 393, possibly due to a fire that destroyed the temple of the Olympian Zeus.

Paralympic Games: The Paralympic Games, or Paralympics, are international multisport events for athletes with disabilities. They occur after the Olympic Games and are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). The Paralympics happen both in winter and summer.

Summer Olympic Games: The Summer Olympic Games, or Summer Olympics, is a major international multi-sport event held once every four years. The Games began in 1896 in Athens, Greece and the most recent edition was held in 2021 in Tokyo, Japan. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) organizes the Games and awards gold, silver, and bronze medals. The Summer Olympics are renowned as the largest and most prestigious multi-sport event globally.

Winter Olympic Games: The Winter Olympic Games is a major international multi-sport event held every four years for snow and ice sports. It was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games and was founded by the International Olympic Committee. The first Winter Olympics took place in 1924 in Chamonix, France. The original Winter Olympic sports included bobsleigh, curling, ice hockey, Nordic skiing, and skating. The Games were initially held in the same year as the Summer Olympics until 1992 when they were alternated every four years. World War II interrupted the Games in 1940 and 1944.

American football: American football, or gridiron football, is a team sport played on a rectangular field with goalposts. The offense tries to advance by running or passing the ball, while the defense aims to stop them. The offense has four downs to move the ball ten yards, with success leading to four more downs. Scoring is achieved by reaching the end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent's goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points wins.

Super Bowl: The Super Bowl is the championship game of the NFL, played annually since 1966. It replaced the NFL Championship Game and determines the season's winner. The game is currently held on the second Sunday in February, but dates and months have varied in the past. The winning team receives the Vince Lombardi Trophy, named after the coach who won the first two Super Bowls. Non-sponsoring corporations refer to the event as the "big game" due to trademark restrictions. The game day is often known as "Super Bowl Sunday" or "Super Sunday."

Association football: Association football, also known as soccer, is a team sport played with 11 players on each side. The game is played on a rectangular pitch, and the objective is to score more goals than the opposing team by kicking the ball into the opponent's net. Matches consist of two halves of 45 minutes each, totaling 90 minutes. With around 250 million active players in over 200 countries and territories, football is the most popular sport worldwide.

FIFA World Cup: The FIFA World Cup, or simply the World Cup, is an international football competition for senior men's national teams. It is organized by FIFA and held every four years since 1930, except during World War II. The current champions are Argentina, who won their third title in 2022.

Australian rules football: Australian rules football, also known as Aussie rules or footy, is a contact sport played on an oval field. Two teams of 18 players aim to score points by kicking an oval ball through goal posts. The goals can be between the central goal posts or between the central and outer posts.

Bandy: Bandy is a winter ball sport played on ice. Two teams slide on ice while using sticks to score goals in the opposing team's net.

Baseball: Baseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players. The offensive team aims to hit the ball into the field and advance around four bases to score runs. The defensive team tries to prevent the offensive team from scoring by stopping batters from becoming runners and stopping runners from advancing. A run is scored when a runner legally touches home plate after going around all the bases.

Basketball: Basketball is a team sport played on a rectangular court. The objective is to shoot the basketball through the opposing team's hoop while guarding one's own. Field goals are worth two points, unless made from behind the three-point line, which is worth three. Fouls result in timed play stops and the fouled player receives one to three one-point free throws. The team with the most points wins, and if tied, overtime is played.

Basque pelota: Basque pelota is a collection of court sports involving a ball played by hand, racket, bat or basket. It can be played against a wall or face-to-face with teams separated by a line or net. Its origins can be traced back to ancient Greek and other cultures.

Cricket: Cricket is a bat-and-ball game with two teams of eleven players. The game is played on a field with a 22-yard pitch in the center, featuring two bails balanced on three stumps as wickets at each end. The batting side scores runs by hitting the ball bowled at the wickets and running between them. The bowling and fielding side tries to dismiss each batter by various means such as hitting the stumps or catching the ball. The innings ends after ten dismissals, after which teams switch roles. The game is overseen by two umpires, with assistance from a third umpire and match referee in international matches. Off-field scorers record the statistical information of the game.

Cricket World Cup: The Cricket World Cup is the ultimate One Day International (ODI) cricket championship organized by the International Cricket Council (ICC) every four years. It includes preliminary rounds leading to a finals tournament and is highly regarded as the pinnacle championship of cricket. The event attracts a massive audience worldwide, making it one of the most watched sporting events globally and is considered the flagship event of the international cricket calendar.

Curling: Curling is a sport played on ice where two teams slide heavy stones towards a circular target. Each team has four players who take turns throwing two stones. The goal is to accumulate the most points by having stones closest to the center of the target. A game typically consists of eight or ten rounds.

Field hockey: Field hockey is a team sport played with 11 players, including a goalkeeper. The objective is to move a ball using a stick into the opponent's goal. Matches are played on various surfaces, and the team with the most goals wins.

Handball: Handball is a 7-player team sport where the objective is to pass and throw a ball into the opposing team's goal. Matches last two halves of 30 minutes each, and the team with the highest goal count emerges as the winner.

Ice hockey: Ice hockey is a team sport played on ice skates. Two opposing teams use hockey sticks to control and shoot a rubber disc called a puck into the other team's goal. The team with the most goals wins. There are six players on each team, including a goalie. It is a full contact sport and physically demanding. Unlike field hockey, it is played on ice.

Kabaddi: Kabaddi is an ancient Indian contact team sport played between two teams of seven players. The objective is for a raider to enter the opponent's half, touch as many players as possible, and make it back to their own half without getting tackled. Points are scored for tagged players, while the opposing team earns a point for stopping the raider. Players are taken out when touched or tackled but returned when their team scores.

Lacrosse: Lacrosse is a contact team sport using sticks and a ball, originating from indigenous people in North America in the 12th century. It has been modified over time by European colonists to create the modern collegiate and professional version, with reduced violence.

Netball: Netball is a ball sport primarily played by women and girls in schools and the Commonwealth of Nations. It involves two teams of seven players aiming to score by shooting through the opposition's goal ring while defending their own. The game is played on rectangular courts, both indoors and outdoors.

Polo: Polo is a traditional ball game played on horseback, known as one of the world's oldest team sports. Two teams, each with four mounted riders, compete to score by using a long-handled wooden mallet to hit a small hard ball through the opposing team's goal. The game typically lasts for one to two hours, divided into periods called chukkas or chukkers.

Rugby football: 'Rugby football' refers to both rugby union and rugby league, which are team sports.

Rugby league: Rugby league is a full-contact sport played by two teams of thirteen players. It is also known as rugby XIII in non-English speaking areas. The game originated in 1895 in Huddersfield, England, as a result of a split from the Rugby Football Union. The aim was to create a faster and more entertaining game. Rugby league is played on a rectangular field with H-shaped posts at each end. It is one of the two major codes of rugby football, with the other being rugby union.

Rugby sevens: Rugby sevens is a variant of rugby union, played with seven players per team in seven-minute halves. It is administered by World Rugby and widely popular at all levels. The game is played in the summer months and has a global presence, particularly in Africa, Asia, Europe, the Americas, and the South Pacific.

Rugby union: Rugby union is a close-contact team sport that originated at Rugby School in the 19th century. It involves running with an oval-shaped ball in hand. A game is played between two teams of 15 players on a rectangular field called a pitch, which has goalposts at each end.

Rugby World Cup: The Rugby World Cup is a quadrennial men's rugby tournament between top international teams. The winners are acknowledged as the sport's world champions.

Sepak takraw: Sepak takraw, also known as buka ball or kick volleyball, is a team sport played on a court similar to badminton. It involves two teams of two to four players using their feet, knees, shoulders, chest, and head to touch a ball made of rattan or synthetic plastic. It combines elements of volleyball and football, with a net and players relying solely on their feet for contact.

Softball: Softball is a variation of baseball, played with a larger ball on a smaller field. It only allows underhand pitching. The game is played competitively in club, college, and professional levels. It was invented by George Hancock in Chicago in 1887.

Tug of war: Tug of war is a strength-based sport where two teams compete by pulling on opposite ends of a rope. The goal is to bring the rope a certain distance in one direction, overpowering the opposing team's pull.

Volleyball: Volleyball is a team sport where two teams of six players compete to score points by hitting a ball onto the other team's court. It has been an official Olympic sport since 1964. Beach volleyball was added to the Olympics in 1996. There is also a sitting volleyball version in the Paralympic Games.

Beach volleyball: Beach volleyball is a team sport played on a sand court divided by a net. The objective is to send the ball over the net and ground it on the opponent's side. Players work together to prevent the opposing team from scoring.

Equestrianism: Equestrianism, or horse riding, encompasses riding, driving, and vaulting. It involves various uses of horses such as work, transport, recreation, art, and competitive sports.

Horse racing: Horse racing is an ancient sport where jockeys ride horses to compete over a set distance. The goal is to determine the fastest horse.

Angling: Angling is a fishing technique using a fish hook and fishing line to catch fish. It can be done with a fishing rod and reel or without a reel. Anglers sometimes use weighted hooks and attractive bait to lure fish. Bite indicators like floats or bells help anglers know when a fish is nearby.

Rodeo: Rodeo is a competitive equestrian sport that originated from cattle herding practices. It tests the skill and speed of cowboys and cowgirls through events like tie-down roping, steer wrestling, bronc riding, bull riding, and barrel racing. Other events like breakaway roping and pole bending may also be included. The first public cowboy contest was held in 1883 in Pecos, Texas.

Sport of athletics: Athletics is a competitive sport encompassing running, jumping, throwing, and walking. It includes track and field, road running, cross-country running, and racewalking.

Running: Running is a fast method of movement on foot, characterized by having all feet off the ground during the gait. It is different from walking in that both feet are off the ground, the legs are straighter, and the center of gravity moves in a pendulum-like motion. Running utilizes springy tendons and muscle elasticity for energy storage through changes in kinetic and potential energy within each stride. It encompasses a range of speeds, from jogging to sprinting.

Marathon: The marathon is a 42.195 km long-distance foot race, typically conducted on roads but also on trails. It can be completed by running or with a run/walk approach, and there are separate divisions for wheelchair participants. Over 800 marathons take place worldwide annually, attracting mostly recreational athletes, with some races having tens of thousands of participants.

100 metres: The 100-metre dash is a sprint race in track and field. It is the shortest common outdoor running distance and a popular event in athletics. It has been part of the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and 1928 for women. The World Championships for this event started in 1983.

Track and field: Track and field is a sport involving running, jumping, and throwing. It takes place on a track and a field. It falls under the category of athletics, which includes road running and cross country. In British English, "Athletics" is synonymous with American "Track and Field" and includes all jumping events.

Decathlon: The Decathlon is a combined event in athletics that includes ten track and field events. It is held over two days, with winners determined by their overall performance in all events. Points are awarded for each event, rather than by position achieved. The decathlon is primarily for male athletes, while women usually compete in the heptathlon.

Discus throw: The discus throw is a track and field event where participants throw a heavy discus to achieve the longest distance. It traces its origins back to ancient Greece and is currently part of the decathlon.

High jump: High jump is a track and field event where competitors must jump over a bar without knocking it off. The Fosbury Flop is the preferred technique, where athletes run and jump head first with their back to the bar.

Hurdling: Hurdling is the act of sprinting and jumping over obstacles at high speed. Originally, hurdlers landed on both feet and stopped their momentum. Nowadays, there are specific step patterns for different types of hurdles. Hurdling is a specialized form of obstacle racing in athletics. Athletes must pass over hurdles, with disqualification for going under or intentionally knocking them over.

Javelin throw: Javelin throw is a track and field event where a 2.5 m long spear, called a javelin, is thrown as far as possible. The thrower gains momentum by running in a designated area. This event is included in both the men's decathlon and the women's heptathlon.

Long jump: The long jump is a track and field event requiring athletes to use speed, strength, and agility to jump as far as possible from a takeoff point. It is part of the "horizontal jumps" category, alongside the triple jump. This event dates back to the ancient Olympic Games and has been included in the modern Olympics since 1896 for men and 1948 for women.

Pole vault: Pole vaulting is a track and field event where athletes use a long and flexible pole, typically made from fiberglass or carbon fiber, to jump over a bar. It has been a medal event at the Olympic Games since 1896 for men and 2000 for women. The sport has historical roots with the Mycenaean Greeks, Minoan Greeks, and Celts participating in pole jumping competitions.

Shot put: Shot put is a track and field event where athletes throw a heavy spherical ball, known as the shot, as far as possible. It has been a part of the modern Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1948 for women.

Walking: Walking is a common form of movement among animals, characterized by a slower pace compared to running. It involves an "inverted pendulum" motion, where the body moves over the stiff limb or limbs with each step. This gait is observed in various creatures, even those with multiple limbs. Humans benefit from walking as it improves mental health, lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality.

Martial arts: Martial arts are combat systems practiced for self-defense, military uses, competition, and personal development. They encompass physical, mental, and spiritual aspects while serving as entertainment and preserving cultural heritage.

Boxing: Boxing is a combat sport and martial art where two individuals throw punches at each other in a boxing ring. It involves the use of protective equipment, such as gloves, hand wraps, and mouthguards, and follows a predetermined time limit.

Brazilian jiu-jitsu: Brazilian jiu-jitsu is a martial art and combat sport that emphasizes grappling, ground fighting, and submission holds. Its main objective is to force opponents into submission through joint locks or chokeholds, employing techniques that include takedowns and gaining dominant positions on the ground.

Capoeira: Capoeira is an Afro-Brazilian martial art that combines dance, acrobatics, music, and spirituality.

Chinese martial arts: Chinese martial arts, also known as kung fu, kuoshu or wushu, encompass various fighting styles that have developed over time in Greater China. These styles are characterized by common traits and are often grouped into "families." Examples of traits include exercises inspired by animals or ancient Chinese influences, such as religions and legends. Internal styles emphasize qi manipulation, while external styles focus on improving physical fitness. Classification can also be based on geographical association, such as northern and southern styles.

Fencing: Fencing is a combat sport featuring sword fighting. It includes three disciplines: foil, épée, and sabre, each with its own blade and rules. Fencers usually specialize in one discipline. The sport emerged in the late 19th century, based on traditional swordsmanship skills. The Italian and French schools influenced its development. Scoring in fencing competitions is achieved by making contact with the opponent.

Gladiator: A gladiator was an armed combatant in Ancient Rome who participated in violent battles against other gladiators, wild animals, and criminals, entertaining audiences. Some gladiators were willing volunteers, while others were slaves who endured harsh training. They were socially marginalized and segregated, even in death.

Jujutsu: Jujutsu, also called jiu-jitsu and ju-jitsu, is a Japanese martial art developed in the 1530s. It involves close combat techniques used defensively or offensively to defeat unarmed or armed opponents. Hisamori Tenenuchi founded the first Jiu-Jitsu school in Japan and it influenced various modern martial arts like judo, aikido, sambo, ARB, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and mixed martial arts.

Karate: Karate is a martial art originating from the Ryukyu Kingdom, incorporating techniques from Chinese martial arts. It has evolved from a comprehensive combat system to a primarily striking art using punches and kicks. Additionally, ancient karate included jujutsu techniques like joint locks and throws. Practitioners are referred to as karate-ka.

Kickboxing: Kickboxing is a combat sport combining boxing and kicking techniques, practiced for self-defense, fitness, or competition. Fights occur in a boxing ring with gloves, mouth guards, and shorts, emphasizing kicks. Styles include Karate, Muay Thai, Japanese kickboxing, Lethwei, Sanda, and Savate.

Taekwondo: Taekwondo is a Korean martial art and sport that emphasizes punching and kicking techniques. Its literal translation means "kicking," "punching," and "the art or way of." Additionally, it may incorporate weapon usage.

Mixed martial arts: Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a full-contact combat sport that combines striking, grappling, and ground fighting techniques from various combat sports worldwide. The term "mixed martial arts" was first used in 1993 by television critic Howard Rosenberg when reviewing UFC 1.

Muay Thai: Muay Thai, or Thai boxing, is a combat sport known as the "Art of eight limbs," where fighters use fists, elbows, knees, and shins. It became popular internationally in the late 20th century as practitioners from Thailand competed in kickboxing and mixed-rules matches worldwide. The sport is governed by the Professional Boxing Association of Thailand, sanctioned by the Sports Authority of Thailand.

Wrestling: Wrestling is a combat sport and martial art that involves grappling with an opponent to gain advantage using various techniques within specific rules. It includes clinch fighting, throws, takedowns, joint locks, and pins. Wrestling techniques have been widely adapted in martial arts, combat sports, and military systems. While wrestling is a genuine competitive sport, professional wrestling is more focused on athletic entertainment.

Judo: Judo is a modern Japanese martial art that originated in 1882. It emphasizes jacket wrestling, known as randori, and excludes striking and weapons training. Judo's success in tournaments led to its adoption by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department. Judo practitioners are called judokas, and they wear a uniform called a judogi.

Sumo: Sumo is a full-contact wrestling sport where competitors, called rikishi, aim to push their opponent out of a circular ring or make them touch the ground with any body part except their feet.

Auto racing: Auto racing is a popular motorsport that involves competitive racing of automobiles.

Formula One: Formula One, also known as F1, is the highest class of international racing for open-wheel single-seater formula racing cars. It is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and has been a premier form of racing since 1950. The name refers to the set of rules that all participants must follow. A Formula One season consists of races called Grands Prix, held in various countries on purpose-built circuits or closed public roads.

Ice skating: Ice skating is the act of gliding on ice using metal-bladed skates. It is enjoyed for recreation, exercise, competition, and as a means of transportation. Skating can take place on natural bodies of frozen water or man-made indoor and outdoor rinks.

Figure skating: Figure skating is a popular winter sport where individuals, pairs, or groups perform on ice using figure skates. It was the first winter sport included in the Olympic Games in 1908. The Olympic disciplines include men's and women's singles, pair skating, ice dance, and a team event introduced in 2014. Other non-Olympic disciplines include synchronized skating, Theater on Ice, and four skating. Skaters perform two programs with various elements such as spins, jumps, moves in the field, lifts, throw jumps, and death spirals.

Speed skating: Speed skating is a competitive ice sport where participants race each other over a specific distance. There are different types: long-track, short-track, and marathon speed skating. In the Olympics, long-track is commonly called "speed skating" while short-track is known as "short track." The governing body, ISU, refers to long track as "speed skating" and short-track as "short track skating."

Roller skating: Roller skating is a versatile activity involving the use of roller skates to travel on various surfaces. It serves as both a recreational pastime and a sport, also providing a means of transportation. Roller rinks and skate parks serve as dedicated venues, but it is also commonly practiced on streets, sidewalks, and bike paths.

Skateboarding: Skateboarding is a versatile sport that involves riding a skateboard and performing tricks. It is also a recreational activity, an art form, an entertainment industry job, and a method of transportation. Originating in the United States, it has been shaped by many skateboarders over the years. The skateboarding market is worth an estimated $4.8 billion annually, with 11.08 million active skateboarders worldwide. It will be included as a sport in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, with both male and female teams competing.

Canoeing: Canoeing is the act of propelling a canoe with a single-bladed paddle. It can be a stand-alone activity or combined with other pursuits like camping. Canoeing is primarily done for sport or recreation purposes. In Europe, canoeing also encompasses kayaking.

Diving (sport): Diving is an Olympic sport where athletes perform acrobatics while jumping or falling into water from a platform or springboard. It is also a popular recreational activity for non-competitive purposes.

Underwater diving: Underwater diving is the practice of descending beneath the water's surface to interact with the environment. It involves immersion in water and exposure to high ambient pressure, which have physiological limitations on depth and duration. To extend human dives and enable different types of work, various equipment has been developed.

Scuba diving: Scuba diving is a form of underwater diving where divers utilize breathing equipment that is independent of surface air supply. The term "scuba" is derived from "Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus," coined in 1952. Scuba divers carry their own source of breathing gas, allowing them more freedom and time underwater than other divers. The use of enriched air or nitrox has gained popularity for longer dives, while helium can be added to decrease the risk of nitrogen narcosis during deeper dives.

Rowing (sport): Rowing, also known as crew, is a sport that involves racing boats with oars. The oars are attached to the boat using oarlocks, distinguishing rowing from paddling sports. It is divided into two disciplines: sculling, where each rower holds two oars, and sweep rowing, where each rower holds one oar with both hands. There are various boat classes, from single sculls to eights with a coxswain. Races typically take place on calm water courses of 2 kilometers, marked with buoys.

Sailing (sport): Sailing (sport) is a competitive activity involving various racing formats that are regulated by sailing federations and yacht clubs. These formats include fleet races, match races, and team competitions. It also includes specialized events for setting speed records. Races can take place in sheltered waters, along the coast, or in the open ocean, and can be either closed courses or point-to-point contests. Competitions are usually organized within specific classes or ratings to ensure fair and skill-focused contests.

Surfing: Surfing is a water sport where a person rides a board on the front of a wave, often towards the shore. It is primarily done in the ocean but can also occur in standing waves, lakes, rivers, or wave pools.

Swimming: Swimming is the act of propelling oneself through water for various purposes such as recreation, exercise, sport, or survival. It involves coordinated movements of the limbs and body to generate hydrodynamic thrust, resulting in directional motion. Humans possess the ability to hold their breath and start swimming shortly after birth as a survival instinct.

Swimming (sport): Swimming is a popular Olympic sport that involves racing through water using the entire body. It can take place in pools or open water. Competitive swimming includes various distance events in different strokes, such as butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle, and individual medley. Four swimmers can also participate in relay races, either freestyle or medley, where each swimmer takes a different stroke in a specific order (backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, and freestyle).

Swimming pool: A swimming pool, or simply pool, is a water-filled structure for swimming and leisure activities. It can be above ground or in-ground, and is found on ocean-liners and cruise ships too. In-ground pools are typically made of materials like concrete, stone, metal, plastic, or fiberglass. They can be custom-sized or standardized, with the largest being Olympic-size.

Water polo: Water polo is a team sport played in water, with two teams of seven players. The objective is to score goals by throwing the ball into the opposing team's goal. The team with the most goals wins the match. Each team consists of six field players and one goalkeeper, who play both offensive and defensive roles. The game is played in a pool where players cannot touch the bottom.

Skiing: Skiing is gliding on snow using skis and can serve as transport, recreation, or a competitive sport. International organizations like the IOC and FIS recognize various skiing events.

Alpine skiing: Alpine skiing, also known as downhill skiing, involves sliding down snow-covered slopes using skis with fixed-heel bindings. It is primarily enjoyed at ski resorts, which offer various facilities such as ski lifts, artificial snow making, grooming, and ski patrol services for both recreational and competitive purposes.

Cross-country skiing: Cross-country skiing is a sport and recreational activity where skiers travel on snow-covered terrain without ski lifts. It is also used as a means of transportation. It offers various variants suitable for different terrains, from unimproved areas to groomed courses.

Ski jumping: Ski jumping is a winter sport where competitors slide down a curved ramp on skis to achieve the longest jump. The sport originated in Norway in the late 19th century and has since spread across Europe and North America. Jump length, aerial style, and other factors determine the final score. Ski jumping is part of the traditional group of Nordic skiing disciplines along with cross-country skiing.

Slalom skiing: Slalom skiing is a fast-paced alpine discipline where skiers navigate between poles spaced closely together, requiring quick and short turns. It is a part of international competitions like the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships and the Olympic Winter Games.

Sled: A sled is a land vehicle designed for sliding on ice or snow. It has smooth runners that reduce friction and can carry heavy loads.

Bobsleigh: Bobsleigh, also known as bobsled, is a gravity-powered winter sport where teams of 2 to 4 athletes race down iced tracks. The sport is governed by the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation.

Luge: Luge is a sport that involves riding a small sled supine and feet-first. Participants start seated and steer using their calf muscles or shoulder pressure. Racing sleds weigh 21-30 kg. It is also an Olympic sport.

Snowboarding: Snowboarding is a popular recreational and competitive sport where participants descend snowy slopes while standing on a board attached to their feet. This exciting activity is showcased in both the Winter Olympic Games and Winter Paralympic Games.

Archery: Archery is the skill of using a bow to shoot arrows, derived from the Latin word for bow. Historically used for hunting and combat, it is now primarily a competitive sport and recreational activity. Practitioners are commonly referred to as archers, bowmen, or toxophilites.

Arm wrestling: Arm wrestling is a sport where opponents bend their elbows and grip hands on a table, aiming to bring their opponent's hand down. It determines the stronger person between two or more individuals.

Badminton: Badminton is a racquet sport played with teams or individually, using a shuttlecock and racquets to hit it across a net. It can be played casually outdoors or formally on an indoor court. Points are scored by hitting the shuttlecock within the opponent's half of the court.

Bullfighting: Bullfighting is a contest in which a bullfighter tries to subdue or kill a bull following rules and cultural traditions.

Bowling: Bowling is a popular target sport and recreational activity where players roll a ball towards pins or targets. It usually refers to pin bowling, but in the UK and Commonwealth countries, it can also encompass target bowling like lawn bowls.

Bocce: Bocce, also known as bocce ball or boccie, is a ball sport within the boules family. It originated in Italy and shares similarities with British bowls and French pétanque, tracing back to ancient Roman games. Bocce is played across Europe, as well as in immigrant communities in Australia, North America, and South America. Initially played by Italian immigrants, the game has gained popularity among their descendants and people worldwide.

Bowls: Bowls, or lawn bowling, is a sport where players aim to roll biased balls to stop near a smaller ball called a "jack" or "kitty". It is played outdoors on a flat, convex, or uneven surface like natural grass, artificial turf, or cotula.

Ten-pin bowling: Ten-pin bowling involves rolling a ball down a lane towards ten pins arranged in a triangular pattern. The goal is to knock down all the pins in one or two rolls.

Bodybuilding: Bodybuilding is the progressive resistance exercise to develop, control, and strengthen muscles through hypertrophy. It is primarily driven by aesthetics rather than functionality and differentiates from powerlifting, which emphasizes increasing physical load.

Croquet: Croquet is a sport where players use a mallet to hit balls through hoops on a grass court.

Cue sports: Cue sports, also known as billiards, are a collection of skill-based games played on a cloth-covered table using a cue to strike balls. The table is surrounded by elastic bumpers called cushions.

Carom billiards: Carom billiards, known as French or carambole billiards, is a collection of cue sports played on pocketless tables. The goal is to score points by making the cue ball hit both the opponent's ball and the target ball on one shot. Its origins are unclear, but it is believed to have originated in 17th-century France.

Pool (cue sports): Pool is a type of cue sport played on a table with six pockets. It includes various specific games like eight-ball, nine-ball, and straight pool. Eight-ball is the most popular version and is often used interchangeably with the term "pool."

Snooker: Snooker is a cue sport played on a rectangular table with six pockets. It originated in the 19th century and is played with 22 balls, including a white cue ball, red balls, and colored balls. Players use a cue stick to pot balls in a specific order, accumulating points. The player with the most points wins a frame, and the match ends when a predetermined number of frames is reached.

Cycling: Cycling, or biking, is the act of riding a bicycle or other human-powered vehicles like unicycles or tricycles. It is a globally practiced activity for transportation, recreation, exercise, and competitive sport.

Cycle sport: Cycle sport is a form of competitive physical activity involving bicycles. It encompasses various categories, such as road racing, cyclo-cross, mountain biking, track cycling, BMX, and cycle speedway. Non-racing cycling sports include artistic cycling, cycle polo, freestyle BMX, mountain bike trials, and cycleball. The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) serves as the global governing body for cycling and official cycling events. The International Human Powered Vehicle Association governs human-powered vehicles with fewer design restrictions than UCI. Additionally, the UltraMarathon Cycling Association oversees numerous ultra-distance cycling races.

Mountain biking: Mountain biking is an off-road sport using specialized bikes designed for rough terrains. These bikes have features like suspension shocks, wider tires, sturdier frames, and powerful brakes. The sport encompasses five categories: cross country, trail riding, all mountain, downhill, and freeride.

Tour de France: The Tour de France is a prestigious annual cycling race held in France. It is the oldest and most prestigious of the three Grand Tours.

Darts: Darts is a competitive sport where players throw small, sharp darts by hand at a round target called a dartboard.

Golf: Golf is a sport where players use clubs to hit a ball into holes on a course in as few strokes as possible.

Gymnastics: Gymnastics is a sport with physical exercises that challenge balance, strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, artistry, and endurance. It develops various muscle groups and originated from ancient Greek exercises and circus performances.

Mountaineering: Mountaineering, also known as alpinism or mountain climbing, encompasses outdoor activities that involve ascending mountains. It includes traditional climbing, skiing, traversing via ferratas, as well as indoor climbing, sport climbing, and bouldering which are considered variants of mountaineering by some. These activities have become sports in their own right and are part of a wide group of mountain sports.

Orienteering: Orienteering is a group of sports that involve using a map and compass to navigate in unfamiliar terrain at high speed. Participants are given a specially prepared orienteering map and must locate control points. Originally a military training exercise, orienteering has evolved into various forms, with foot orienteering being the most popular. Any sport that involves racing against a clock and requires map navigation is considered a type of orienteering.

Rock climbing: Rock climbing is a challenging sport that involves ascending natural rock formations or indoor walls. The objective is to reach the top without falling by following designated routes. It requires physical strength, endurance, agility, balance, and mental control. Proper climbing techniques and specialized equipment are necessary for safety.

Shooting sports: Shooting sports refer to competitive and recreational activities that test accuracy, precision, and speed in using ranged weapons like small arms, bows, and crossbows.

Biathlon: Biathlon is a winter sport combining cross-country skiing and rifle shooting. Contestants race through a trail, stopping at shooting ranges. Missed shots lead to penalties and additional distance or time added to the total.

Squash (sport): Squash is a racket-and-ball sport played by 2 or 4 players in a four-walled court. The objective is to hit the ball in a way that the opponent cannot return it. With around 20 million regular players in over 185 countries, squash is recognized by the IOC and included in the Olympic Games starting in 2028. The World Squash Federation governs the sport, while the Professional Squash Association organizes the pro tour.

Table tennis: Table tennis is a racket sport played on a stationary table. Players use small rackets to hit a light ball over the net, aiming to make it land on the opponent's side of the court. The game is fast-paced and requires quick reactions and focus. Spin plays a significant role, affecting the ball's trajectory.

Tennis: Tennis is a racket sport played individually or in teams of two. Players use a strung racket to hit a rubber ball over a net into the opponent's court. The objective is to prevent the opponent from returning the ball, earning points in the process.

Olympic weightlifting: Olympic weightlifting is a sport in which athletes compete to lift the heaviest weights using a barbell. Competitors perform two specific lifts: the snatch, where the barbell is lifted overhead in one motion, and the clean and jerk, which involves lifting the barbell from the ground to the front of the shoulders and then overhead. In the past, there was a third lift called the clean and press.

Powerlifting: Powerlifting is a strength sport where athletes aim to lift the heaviest weight possible in three different exercises: squat, bench press, and deadlift. It evolved from a sport called "odd lifts" that involved various events, but eventually became standardized to the current three lifts format.

Major League Baseball: Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball league, comprising 30 teams divided equally between the National League (NL) and the American League (AL). It is the oldest major professional sports league globally, formed in 1876 and 1901. MLB remained separate until 2000 when it merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball. The league is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan.

National Basketball Association: The NBA is North America's top professional basketball league with 30 teams. It is regarded as the leading professional basketball league globally, and is one of the major sports leagues in the United States and Canada.

National Football League: The NFL is a professional American football league with 32 teams in the United States and Canada. It is the highest level of American football worldwide and consists of two conferences: the AFC and NFC. The season begins in August with a three-week preseason, followed by an 18-week regular season from September to January. Each team plays 17 games and has one bye week. The playoffs involve seven teams from each conference, leading to the Super Bowl in February.

National Hockey League: The National Hockey League (NHL) is a top-ranked professional ice hockey league in North America with 32 teams, 25 in the US and 7 in Canada. It awards the prestigious Stanley Cup annually to the playoff champion. As one of the major leagues in the US and Canada, it attracts players from 17 countries. The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) recognizes the Stanley Cup as one of the sport's most significant championships.

La Liga: La Liga, officially known as LaLiga EA Sports, is the top professional football league in Spain. It is organized by the LFP and consists of 20 teams competing in a 38-matchday season.

Premier League: The Premier League is the top tier of English football with 20 clubs that can be promoted or relegated. It runs from August to May, featuring 38 matches for each team against all others. Matches are mostly held on Saturdays and Sundays, sometimes on weekday evenings.

UEFA Champions League: The UEFA Champions League is an annual European club football competition organized by UEFA. It features top-division European clubs competing in a round robin group stage, followed by knockout rounds and a single leg final. It is the most watched club competition globally and highly esteemed in European football, showcasing national league champions.