Geography: Geography is the study of Earth's lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena. It seeks to understand both the human and natural complexities of our planet, including how things have changed over time. While specific to Earth, geography also has applications in planetary science. It is seen as a bridge between natural and social sciences.

Exploration: Exploration is a human activity with an expectation of discovery, but it is also common among organisms capable of directed locomotion and learning. It involves organized efforts as well as individual foraging behaviors, where feedback from returning individuals influences the group's exploration.

Africa: Africa is the second-largest and second-most populous continent on Earth, covering 20% of the land area and inhabited by 1.4 billion people. Despite its rich natural resources, it is the least wealthy continent per capita due to factors such as geography, climate, tribalism, colonialism, and corruption. Nonetheless, recent economic growth and a large, young population establish Africa as a significant global market.

Eurasia: Eurasia is the largest continental area on Earth, consisting of both Europe and Asia. It is often considered a single continent by geographers. The notion of Europe and Asia as separate continents has been established since ancient times, even though their borders have changed throughout history. Eurasia is connected to Africa at the Suez Canal, and together they form the largest continuous landmass on Earth called Afro-Eurasia.

Europe: Europe is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, bordered by the Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and Asia. It shares the landmass of Eurasia and Afro-Eurasia. The Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Greater Caucasus, Black Sea, and Turkish strait separate it from Asia.

Asia: Asia is the world's largest continent with a land area of over 44 million square kilometers and a population of 4.7 billion, making up about 60% of the global population. It has been home to many early civilizations and currently covers about 30% of the Earth's land and 8% of its surface.

Americas: The Americas, also known as America, encompass North and South America, making up the majority of the Western Hemisphere. It is a landmass referred to as the New World.

North America: North America is a continent in the Northern and Western Hemispheres. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, South America and the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south. Greater North America includes Canada, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean Islands, and Greenland.

South America: South America is a continent located mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a smaller part in the Northern Hemisphere. It is considered the southern subregion of the larger continent known as America.

Antarctica: Antarctica is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent, surrounded by the Southern Ocean. It is the fifth-largest continent, covering an area of 14,200,000 km2 (5,500,000 sq mi). Most of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, with the geographic South Pole located within its boundaries.

Australia (continent): Australia (continent) is located within the Southern and Eastern hemispheres and is sometimes referred to as Sahul, Australia-New Guinea, Australinea, or Meganesia. It includes mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, and other nearby islands. Australia is the smallest of the seven traditional continents and is situated in the geographical region of Oceania.

Cartography: Cartography is the art and science of creating and using maps. It involves the combination of scientific knowledge, aesthetic considerations, and technical skills to effectively convey spatial information.

Map: A map is a symbolic representation highlighting relationships between elements in a space, like objects, regions, or themes.

Map projection: A map projection is a transformation used in cartography to represent the Earth's curved surface on a flat plane. It converts coordinates from the globe to a 2D map, making it a vital aspect of map creation.

Mercator projection: The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection created by Gerardus Mercator in 1569. It became the standard for navigation due to its unique representation of north as up and south as down, while preserving local directions and shapes. However, it inflates the size of objects away from the equator, causing landmasses like Greenland and Antarctica to appear much larger than they actually are.

Atlas: An atlas is a compilation of maps, usually of Earth or a specific region. It provides a collection of geographical details in a single resource.

Globe: A globe is a spherical model of Earth or other celestial bodies that accurately represents their surface without distortion. It serves similar purposes to maps, but on a 3D scale. A terrestrial globe represents Earth, while a celestial globe represents the celestial sphere.

Border: Borders are geographical or political boundaries defined by features like oceans or governments. They can be established through warfare, colonization, or mutual agreements known as boundary delimitation.

Surveying: Surveying is the practice of measuring and mapping the positions of points on the Earth's surface. It involves determining distances and angles between these points to create accurate maps and establish boundaries for ownership and construction purposes. This technique is essential in various fields, including government, law, and civil engineering.

Geographic coordinate system: The Geographic Coordinate System (GCS) is a widely used reference system for measuring and communicating positions on Earth using latitude and longitude. It is the basis for most other spatial reference systems. Unlike a cartesian system, GCS measures angles, not distances, because it is based on a spherical or geodetic model of the Earth.

Elevation: Elevation is the measurement of a location's height above or below a fixed reference point, typically the Earth's sea level. It refers to points on the Earth's surface, while altitude is used for points above the surface and depth for points below the surface.

Latitude: Latitude is a coordinate that indicates the north-south position of a point on Earth or another celestial body. It is measured as an angle from -90° (south pole) to 90° (north pole), with 0° at the Equator. Lines of latitude run east-west as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude and longitude together form a coordinate pair to specify a location on Earth.

Longitude: Longitude is a geographic coordinate that measures the east-west position of a point on Earth. Meridians connect points with the same longitude, and the prime meridian defines 0° longitude. The International Reference Meridian at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London is commonly used. Positive longitudes are east, and negative longitudes are west.

Geodetic datum: A geodetic datum is a global reference system used to accurately represent the position of locations on Earth or other planetary bodies. It is crucial for various technologies and techniques such as geodesy, navigation, surveying, GIS, remote sensing, and cartography. A horizontal datum measures location across the Earth's surface, while a vertical datum measures elevation or depth relative to a standard origin like mean sea level. The WGS 84 datum, used by GPS, has become widely adopted globally. Unlike previous datums, WGS 84 is designed for global use.

Geoid: The geoid is the shape of the Earth's ocean surface in the absence of winds and tides, determined by Earth's gravity and rotation. It is a smooth but irregular surface caused by the uneven distribution of mass. Extensive gravitational measurements and calculations are necessary to understand it. The geoid has been a significant concept in geodesy and geophysics for nearly 200 years and has been defined precisely since advancements in satellite geodesy in the late 20th century.

Remote sensing: Remote sensing is a method of gathering information about objects or phenomena without direct contact. It is commonly used to study Earth and other planets. This technique finds applications in various fields such as geophysics, geography, land surveying, and Earth science. Remote sensing has diverse applications, including military, intelligence, commercial, economic, planning, and humanitarian purposes.

Equator: The Equator is an imaginary line dividing Earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres, located at 0 degrees latitude. It is about 40,075 km (24,901 mi) in circumference and positioned halfway between the North and South poles. It can also refer to a similar line on other spherical celestial bodies.

Tropic of Cancer: The Tropic of Cancer, or Northern Tropic, is the furthest north latitude where the Sun can be directly overhead. It occurs during the June solstice when the Northern Hemisphere tilts towards the Sun. During the December Solstice, it reaches 90 degrees below the horizon at solar midnight. Currently, it is located 23°26′10.2″ north of the Equator.

Tropic of Capricorn: The Tropic of Capricorn is a latitude line that marks the southernmost point where the Sun is directly overhead during the December solstice. It also reaches 90 degrees below the horizon at solar midnight during the June solstice. Its counterpart in the Northern Hemisphere is the Tropic of Cancer.

Arctic Circle: The Arctic Circle is the northernmost of the major circles of latitude on Earth, located at approximately 66°34' N. It is one of the two polar circles, with its counterpart being the Antarctic Circle.

Antarctic Circle: The Antarctic Circle is the southernmost of the major circles of latitude on Earth. It marks the boundary of the Antarctic region, while the zone immediately north of it is called the Southern Temperate Zone. South of the Antarctic Circle, there is a day of 24 continuous hours of sunlight and a day of complete darkness each year. Similar conditions exist within the Arctic Circle in the Northern Hemisphere.

Prime meridian: The prime meridian is an arbitrarily-chosen reference line used in geographic coordinates to define 0° longitude. It divides the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. The current international standard prime meridian is the IERS Reference Meridian, slightly different from its predecessor, the Greenwich Meridian.

International Date Line: The International Date Line (IDL) is an imaginary line on the Earth's surface that separates one calendar day from the next. It runs through the Pacific Ocean along the 180.0° line of longitude, with some deviations around territories and islands. Crossing eastbound reduces the date by a day, while crossing westbound increases it.

North Pole: The North Pole, also called the Geographic North Pole or True North Pole, is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where Earth's axis intersects its surface. It is distinct from the Magnetic North Pole, and it marks the location where Earth's rotation axis meets its surface in the north.

South Pole: The South Pole, or Geographic South Pole, is the southernmost point on Earth, located opposite the North Pole. It lies 20,004 km away from any direction and marks the intersection of Earth's axis of rotation with its surface.

Arctic: The Arctic is a polar region at the northernmost part of Earth, consisting of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of several countries. It is characterized by seasonally changing snow and ice cover and treeless permafrost. The Arctic seas have seasonal sea ice in many areas.

Tropics: The tropics are the regions of the Earth near the Equator, ranging from the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere to the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere. These areas are known as the tropical zone or torrid zone.

Arctic Ocean: The Arctic Ocean, the smallest and shallowest of the world's major oceans, spans approximately 14,060,000 km2 (5,430,000 sq mi). Considered one of the coldest oceans, it is recognized as an ocean by the International Hydrographic Organization. Some refer to it as the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean. It is also considered the northernmost part of the World Ocean.

Baffin Bay: Baffin Bay is a marginal sea located between Baffin Island and Greenland's west coast. It is considered both a part of the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans. The bay is connected to the Atlantic via Davis Strait and Labrador Sea, and to the Arctic Ocean through the narrower Nares Strait. Navigating the bay is challenging due to extensive ice cover and floating ice. However, a summer polynya called the North Water opens near Smith Sound. Aquatic life in the bay is mainly concentrated in this region.

Barents Sea: The Barents Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, bordering northern Norway and Russia. It is divided between Norwegian and Russian territories. Previously known as the Northern Sea or Pomorsky Sea, its current name is in honor of the Dutch navigator Willem Barentsz.

Beaufort Sea: The Beaufort Sea is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean, located north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska. It is named after Sir Francis Beaufort and is surrounded by Canada's Arctic islands. The Mackenzie River, Canada's longest river, empties into the sea's Canadian part west of Tuktoyaktuk.

Greenland Sea: The Greenland Sea is a body of water located west of Greenland, east of the Svalbard archipelago, north of Fram Strait and the Arctic Ocean, and south of the Norwegian Sea and Iceland. It is sometimes considered part of the Arctic Ocean and sometimes part of the Atlantic Ocean. As part of the Nordic Seas, it plays a crucial role in connecting the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, leading to concerns about its potential impact on thermohaline circulation. In oceanography, it is often referred to as the "Arctic Mediterranean Sea".

Hudson Bay: Hudson Bay (or Hudson's Bay) is a vast saltwater body located in northeastern Canada. It is politically part of Nunavut and serves as an inland marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. With a surface area of 1,230,000 km2, it drains a large region spanning parts of Nunavut, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, and even parts of the US states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Montana. The southern arm of Hudson Bay is known as James Bay.

Kara Sea: The Kara Sea is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean, bordered by the Barents Sea and Novaya Zemlya to the west, and the Laptev Sea and Severnaya Zemlya to the east. It is an extension of the Arctic Ocean in northern Siberia.

White Sea: The White Sea is an inlet of the Barents Sea in Russia's northwest. It is bordered by Karelia, the Kola Peninsula, and the Kanin Peninsula. It is entirely under Russian control and is considered part of Russia's internal waters. It is divided administratively between Arkhangelsk and Murmansk oblasts and the Republic of Karelia.

Atlantic Ocean: The Atlantic Ocean, the second-largest ocean, covers about 17% of Earth's surface. It separates Africa, Europe, and Asia from the Americas.

Baltic Sea: The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, and Sweden. It is situated in the North and Central European Plain.

Bay of Biscay: The Bay of Biscay is a gulf in the northeast Atlantic Ocean, found south of the Celtic Sea. It stretches along the western coast of France, from Point Penmarc'h to the Spanish border, and continues along the northern coast of Spain, extending to Cape Ortegal. The region that covers the northern coast of Spain is locally known as the Cantabrian Sea.

Black Sea: The Black Sea is a Mediterranean sea located between Europe and Asia. It is bordered by Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. Major rivers, such as the Danube, Dnieper, and Dniester, supply the sea. It has a coastline in six countries and its drainage basin includes parts of 24 European countries.

Sea of Azov: The Sea of Azov is a shelf sea in Eastern Europe, connected to the Black Sea by the Strait of Kerch. It is considered an extension of the Black Sea and is bordered by Russia and Ukraine, with the latter currently under Russian occupation. The sea serves as a crucial access route for Central Asia through the Volga-Don Canal, originating from the Caspian Sea.

Caribbean Sea: The Caribbean Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean located in the Western Hemisphere's tropics. It is surrounded by Mexico, Central America, the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and the northern coast of South America. The Gulf of Mexico lies to its northwest.

Gulf of Mexico: The Gulf of Mexico is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded by the Gulf Coast of the United States and Mexican states. The southern U.S. states bordering it are often called the "Third Coast" of the United States.

Gulf Stream: The Gulf Stream is a warm and fast ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows up the eastern US coast towards Northwest Europe. It is accompanied by the North Atlantic Drift. The process of western intensification causes the Gulf Stream to accelerate northward. At around 40°0′N 30°0′W, it splits into the North Atlantic Drift and the Canary Current.

Gulf of Guinea: The Gulf of Guinea is a region in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, stretching from Gabon to Liberia. It includes Null Island, located at the intersection of the Equator and Prime Meridian.

Irish Sea: The Irish Sea is a body of water separating Ireland and Great Britain. It is connected to the Celtic Sea in the south and the West Coast of Scotland in the north. The largest islands within the Irish Sea are Anglesey and the Isle of Man. It may also be referred to as the Manx Sea.

Labrador Sea: The Labrador Sea is a section of the North Atlantic Ocean, located between the Labrador Peninsula and Greenland. Surrounded by continental shelves in three directions, it connects to Baffin Bay through the Davis Strait. Considered a marginal sea of the Atlantic.

Mediterranean Sea: The Mediterranean Sea is a sea surrounded by land, connected to the Atlantic Ocean. It has been crucial in shaping Western civilization. Around 5.9 million years ago, it was isolated and dried up, but was refilled about 5.3 million years ago by a massive flood.

Adriatic Sea: The Adriatic Sea is a body of water that separates the Italian and Balkan Peninsulas. It is the northernmost part of the Mediterranean Sea, extending from the Strait of Otranto to the northwest and the Po Valley. Countries with coasts on the Adriatic include Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro, and Slovenia.

Aegean Sea: The Aegean Sea is a part of the Mediterranean Sea located between Europe and Asia. It covers an area of 215,000 km2 and is connected to the Marmara Sea, which leads to the Black Sea. The Aegean Islands, including Crete and Rhodes, are found within the sea. It reaches a depth of 2,639 m and is divided into the Thracian Sea and the Sea of Crete.

Ionian Sea: The Ionian Sea is a long bay in the Mediterranean Sea, surrounded by Southern Italy, Albania, and the west coast of Greece. It connects to the Adriatic Sea and includes notable regions like Sicily and the Peloponnese.

Sea of Marmara: The Sea of Marmara is an inland sea in Turkey that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea. It separates Turkey's European and Asian sides and has an area of 11,350 km2. The sea is 280 km long, 80 km wide, and its greatest depth is 1,370 m.

North Sea: The North Sea is a large body of water located between several countries in Europe, including Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. It is connected to the Atlantic Ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north. This epeiric sea, situated on the European continental shelf, spans over 970 kilometers in length and 580 kilometers in width, covering an area of approximately 570,000 square kilometers.

Norwegian Sea: The Norwegian Sea is a marginal sea northwest of Norway, between the North Sea and the Greenland Sea. It is grouped with either the Atlantic Ocean or the Arctic Ocean. The Barents Sea borders it to the northeast, while a submarine ridge separates it from the Atlantic Ocean and the Jan Mayen Ridge separates it from the Greenland Sea.

Gulf of St. Lawrence: The Gulf of St. Lawrence is a semi-enclosed sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River. It covers an area of 226,000 square kilometres and contains about 34,500 cubic kilometres of water. The average depth is 152 metres.

Sargasso Sea: The Sargasso Sea is an area in the Atlantic Ocean known for its distinct features. It is unique because it has no land boundaries and is defined by a circular movement of four ocean currents. This creates a special kind of ocean gyre. The sea is characterized by its brown Sargassum seaweed and calm blue water, setting it apart from other parts of the Atlantic Ocean.

Indian Ocean: The Indian Ocean is the third-largest ocean, covering about 20% of Earth's surface. It is surrounded by Asia, Africa, and Australia, while the Southern Ocean marks its southern boundary. There are several regional seas within it, including the Arabian Sea, Laccadive Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Andaman Sea.

Andaman Sea: The Andaman Sea, located in the northeastern Indian Ocean, is bordered by Myanmar and Thailand along the Gulf of Martaban and the west side of the Malay Peninsula. It is connected to the Bay of Bengal by the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands. The southern end is at Breueh Island, north of Sumatra, with the Strait of Malacca found further southeast.

Arabian Sea: The Arabian Sea is a region of sea in the northern Indian Ocean, bordered by the Arabian Peninsula, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Iran, Pakistan, India, the Laccadive Sea, Maldives, and Somalia. It covers an area of 3,862,000 km2 (1,491,000 sq mi) with a maximum depth of 4,652 meters (15,262 ft). It is connected to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb and to the Persian Gulf through the Gulf of Oman.

Bay of Bengal: The Bay of Bengal, located between the Indian subcontinent and the Indochinese peninsula, is the largest bay in the world. It is part of the northeastern Indian Ocean and is positioned below the Bengal region.

Persian Gulf: The Persian Gulf, also known as the Arabian Gulf, is a Mediterranean sea in West Asia. It is an extension of the Indian Ocean and is located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. The Gulf is connected to the Gulf of Oman through the Strait of Hormuz. Its northwest shoreline is formed by the Arvand or Shatt al-Arab river delta.

Red Sea: The Red Sea is a saltwater inlet located between Africa and Asia, connecting to the Indian Ocean through the Bab-el-Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. To the north, it is bordered by the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez. It is part of the Great Rift Valley, underlain by the Red Sea Rift.

Timor Sea: The Timor Sea is a shallow sea in the Indian Ocean. It is bounded by Timor island to the north, Indonesia to the northwest, Arafura Sea to the east, and Australia to the south. The Sunda Trench marks its deepest point, separating Oceania and Asia. It is prone to earthquakes, tsunamis, and cyclones due to its location on the Ring of Fire and volcanic activity.

Pacific Ocean: The Pacific Ocean is the Earth's largest and deepest ocean, stretching from the Arctic to the Southern Ocean. It is surrounded by Asia, Oceania, and the Americas.

Gulf of Alaska: The Gulf of Alaska is a part of the Pacific Ocean, located along the southern coast of Alaska. It extends from the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island in the west to the Alexander Archipelago in the east, encompassing Glacier Bay and the Inside Passage.

Bering Sea: The Bering Sea is a marginal sea in the Northern Pacific Ocean. It separates Eurasia from the Americas and is connected to the Arctic Ocean through the Bering Strait. The sea is named after Vitus Bering, a Danish navigator who explored it in 1728. It consists of a deep water basin that gradually slopes towards the continental shelves.

Gulf of California: The Gulf of California, also known as the Sea of Cortés, is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean separating Baja California Peninsula from mainland Mexico. It has a coastline of around 4,000 km and covers an area of about 160,000 km2. This region is bordered by the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, and Sinaloa. The gulf receives several rivers including the Colorado, Fuerte, Mayo, Sinaloa, Sonora, and Yaqui. Due to complex geology linked to plate tectonics, it reaches depths exceeding 3,000 meters.

Gulf of Carpentaria: The Gulf of Carpentaria is a sea off Australia's northern coast, enclosed by northern Australia on three sides. It is bounded by the Arafura Sea to the north. The northern boundary runs from Slade Point, Queensland to Cape Arnhem on the Gove Peninsula, Northern Territory.

Coral Sea: The Coral Sea is a marginal sea in the South Pacific off the northeast coast of Australia. It stretches 2,000 kilometers along the Australian northeast coast and is protected by the French Natural Park of the Coral Sea and the Australian Coral Sea Marine Park. The sea was the site of the Battle of the Coral Sea during World War II, involving the navies of Japan, the United States, and Australia.

East China Sea: The East China Sea is a marginal sea in the Western Pacific Ocean, located offshore from East China. It is known as the "East Sea" in China and internationally designated as the "East China Sea."

Sea of Japan: The Sea of Japan is a marginal sea enclosed by the Japanese archipelago, Sakhalin, the Korean Peninsula, and the Russian Far East. It is separate from the Pacific Ocean, resulting in minimal tides. This isolation affects its faunal diversity and salinity, which are lower compared to the open ocean. The sea lacks significant islands, bays, or capes. Its water balance is mainly influenced by inflow and outflow through neighboring straits and the Pacific Ocean. Rivers contribute less than 1% to water exchange.

Sea of Okhotsk: The Sea of Okhotsk is a marginal sea in the western Pacific Ocean. It is surrounded by Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kuril Islands, Japan's Hokkaido, Sakhalin Island, and eastern Siberian coast. It is named after the port of Okhotsk and is known for the Okhota River.

Philippine Sea: The Philippine Sea is the largest sea in the world, located east of the Philippine Archipelago. It covers an estimated surface area of 5 million square kilometers and is bordered by the first island chain to the west, including the Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan, and the second island chain to the east, including the Bonin Islands and Mariana Islands. Its northern border is formed by Japanese islands, while its southwestern border comprises Philippine islands. The sea is part of the Western Pacific Ocean and the Philippine Sea Plate forms its floor.

Seto Inland Sea: The Seto Inland Sea, also known as the Inland Sea, is a body of water in Japan that separates Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. It serves as a connection between the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, linking industrial centers like Osaka and Kobe to the Kansai region. Previously, it was the primary transportation route between Kansai and Kyushu before the construction of the San'yō Main Line.

South China Sea: The South China Sea is a marginal sea in the Western Pacific Ocean. It is bounded by South China, the Indochinese Peninsula, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Indonesian islands. It covers an area of around 3,500,000 km2 and connects with the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, Sulu Sea, and Java Sea. The Gulf of Thailand and the Gulf of Tonkin are included in this region.

Gulf of Thailand: The Gulf of Thailand, or Gulf of Siam, is a shallow inlet in the South China Sea. It stretches 800 km in length and up to 560 km in width, covering 320,000 sq mi. Surrounded by Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam, it opens to the South China Sea in the southeast.

Tasman Sea: The Tasman Sea is a marginal sea in the South Pacific Ocean, located between Australia and New Zealand. It spans approximately 2,000 km (1,200 mi) across and 2,800 km (1,700 mi) from north to south. Named after Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman, who crossed it in 1642, it was extensively navigated by British explorer Lieutenant James Cook during his three voyages of exploration in the 1770s.

Yellow Sea: The Yellow Sea is a marginal sea in the Western Pacific Ocean, situated between mainland China and the Korean Peninsula. It is part of the East China Sea and derives its name from the golden-yellow color of the water, caused by silt carried by major rivers.

Southern Ocean: The Southern Ocean, also called Antarctic Ocean, is the world's southernmost ocean surrounding Antarctica below 60° S latitude. It covers an area of 20,327,000 km2, making it the second-smallest ocean after the Arctic. The Southern Ocean is experiencing significant climate change since the 1980s, resulting in alterations to its marine ecosystem.

Great Australian Bight: The Great Australian Bight is a vast open bay located along the southern coast of mainland Australia.

Ross Sea: The Ross Sea is the southernmost sea on Earth, located in Antarctica. It is a deep bay of the Southern Ocean and is named after British explorer James Clark Ross. The sea is surrounded by Victoria Land and Marie Byrd Land and is within the Ross Embayment. It is bordered by Ross Island and Victoria Land to the west, and by Roosevelt Island and Edward VII Peninsula in Marie Byrd Land to the east. The southernmost part of the sea is covered by the Ross Ice Shelf, approximately 200 miles from the South Pole. With an area of 637,000 square kilometers, as defined by the New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, it is a significant body of water.

Scotia Sea: The Scotia Sea is a northern extension of the Southern Ocean, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean. It is enclosed by the Drake Passage to the west and the Scotia Arc, an undersea ridge with islands, to the north, east, and south. The sea is located on the Scotia Plate and was named after the expedition ship Scotia. It is known for the melting of numerous icebergs.

Weddell Sea: The Weddell Sea is a part of the Southern Ocean and is bordered by Coats Land and Antarctic Peninsula. It includes the Weddell Gyre and is home to the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf. Cape Norvegia marks its easternmost point, with the King Haakon VII Sea located beyond.

African Great Lakes: The African Great Lakes are a group of lakes found in and around the East African Rift Valley. They include Lake Victoria, the third-largest freshwater lake in the world, Lake Tanganyika, the second-largest freshwater lake by volume and depth, Lake Malawi, the eighth-largest freshwater lake, and Lake Turkana, the largest permanent desert and alkaline lake. Together, they hold more water than Lake Baikal or the North American Great Lakes and make up about 25% of the world's unfrozen surface fresh water. These lakes are home to a diverse range of species, with 10% of the world's fish species found in this region.

Lake Victoria: Lake Victoria is Africa's largest lake and the world's largest tropical lake. It has a surface area of about 59,947 square kilometers and a maximum depth of 80-81 meters. With a catchment area of 169,858 square kilometers, it contains about 2,424 cubic kilometers of water. The lake has a shoreline that spans 7,142 kilometers, with islands making up 3.7% of the total length.

Lake Tanganyika: Lake Tanganyika is Africa's second-oldest and second-largest freshwater lake, after Lake Baikal in Siberia. It is also the world's longest freshwater lake. Located in Eastern Africa, it is shared by Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Burundi, and Zambia, with Tanzania and DRC owning the majority of the lake. It drains into the Congo River system, which flows into the Atlantic Ocean.

Lake Malawi: Lake Malawi, also called Lake Nyasa or Lago Niassa, is the southernmost lake in the East African Rift. It is one of the African Great Lakes, spanning Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania.

Lake Turkana: Lake Turkana, formerly Lake Rudolf, is a vast alkaline lake located in the Kenyan Rift Valley and extending into Ethiopia. It holds the distinction of being the world's largest permanent desert lake and alkaline lake. In terms of volume, it ranks as the fourth-largest salt lake globally, following the Caspian Sea, Issyk-Kul, and Lake Van. Among all lakes, it stands as the 24th largest.

Lake Albert (Africa): Lake Albert is a large lake in Africa, found in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is the seventh-largest lake in Africa and the second-largest among Uganda's Great Lakes.

Lake Chad: Lake Chad, located in West and Central Africa, is an endorheic freshwater lake at the junction of Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon. It serves as an important wetland ecosystem in the region. The catchment area of Lake Chad spans 1 million square kilometers. In the past, the lake was much larger, covering an area of 28,000 square kilometers. Nonetheless, it has significantly shrunk due to climate change and human water diversion since the 1970s. Presently, its area fluctuates between 2,000 and 5,000 square kilometers.

Lake Kariba: Lake Kariba is the largest man-made lake and reservoir in the world, situated on the Zambezi River along the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe. It was created with the construction of the Kariba Dam, which led to the flooding of the Kariba Gorge, between 1958 and 1963.

Lake Mweru: Lake Mweru is a freshwater lake in Africa, situated on the border between Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is part of the Congo River system, spanning 110 kilometers of its length, between the Luapula River and Luvua River sections.

Lake Volta: Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial reservoir, created by the Akosombo Dam in Ghana. It spans 8,502 square kilometers and generates a significant portion of Ghana's electricity. The lake stretches from Akosombo in the south to the country's northern region.

Lake Vostok: Lake Vostok is the largest of Antarctica's known subglacial lakes. It is located beneath Russia's Vostok Station, at the southern Pole of Cold, underneath the central East Antarctic Ice Sheet. The lake is situated approximately 4,000 m below the ice surface and is about 500 m below sea level.

Aral Sea: The Aral Sea, located between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, experienced significant shrinkage starting in the 1960s and eventually dried up in the 2010s. It was situated in areas of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The name "Aral Sea" refers to the numerous islands that were present in the sea. The Aral Sea drainage basin covers Uzbekistan and parts of Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan.

Lake Baikal: Lake Baikal is a massive rift lake in Russia, located in southern Siberia. It is the world's seventh-largest lake by surface area, covering 31,722 km2. With its maximum depth of 1,642 metres, it is also the world's deepest lake. Remarkably, it holds a staggering volume of freshwater, making it the largest freshwater lake by volume, containing 23,615.39 km3 of water. This accounts for about 22-23% of the planet's fresh surface water, exceeding the combined volume of all the North American Great Lakes. Notably, Lake Baikal is the oldest lake, estimated to be 25-30 million years old, and it possesses exceptional clarity.

Lake Balkhash: Lake Balkhash is a large lake in southeastern Kazakhstan. It is one of the biggest in Asia and the 15th largest globally. Situated in the Balkhash-Alakol Basin, it is an enclosed basin that receives water from seven rivers, including the Ili which brings most of the inflow. The Ili is fed by precipitation, mainly vernal snowmelt from China's Xinjiang region.

Caspian Sea: The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, located between Europe and Asia. It is often referred to as both the largest lake and a sea. Covering an area of 371,000 km2, it has a volume of 78,200 km3. The Caspian Sea has a salinity of approximately 1.2%, much less than that of average seawater. It is surrounded by countries like Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Iran.

Dead Sea: The Dead Sea is a salt lake bordered by Jordan and the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Israel. It is located in the Jordan Rift Valley and the Jordan River feeds into it.

Issyk-Kul: Issyk-Kul is a saline lake located in eastern Kyrgyzstan, close to the border with Kazakhstan. It is the seventh-deepest and third-largest saline lake in the world, known as the "warm lake" due to its rare lack of freezing despite its high elevation.

Poyang Lake: Poyang Lake is China's largest freshwater lake, situated in Jiujiang.

Qinghai Lake: Qinghai Lake, the largest lake in China, is an alkaline salt lake located in Qinghai Province. Despite experiencing fluctuations in size, it has been increasing since 2004. It covers an area of 4,317 km2 (1,667 sq mi), has an average depth of 21 m (69 ft), and reaches a maximum depth of 25.5 m (84 ft) as of 2008.

Lake Urmia: Lake Urmia is a significant salt lake in Iran, located between the provinces of East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan. It used to be the biggest lake in the Middle East and the sixth-largest saltwater lake globally, with a surface area of around 5,200 km2. The lake has a length of 140 km, a width of 55 km, and can reach a maximum depth of 16 m.

Lake Van: Lake Van is Turkey's largest lake located in the eastern part of the country. It is a saline soda lake surrounded by mountains and receives water from various streams. With an area greater than 3,000 square kilometers, it contains 38% of Turkey's surface water. A volcanic eruption in ancient times blocked its original outlet. Situated at a high altitude of 1,640 meters, the lake's high salinity prevents it from freezing, although the northern section may occasionally freeze.

West Lake: West Lake is a freshwater lake in Hangzhou, China, divided into five sections by three causeways. It encompasses temples, pagodas, gardens, and natural/artificial islands. Gushan is the largest natural island, while Xiaoyingzhou, Huixin Pavilion, and Ruan Gongdun are the three artificial islands. Leifeng Pagoda and Baochu Pagoda are prominent attractions. The lake's layout forms a pattern of "one mountain, two towers, three islands, three banks, and five lakes."

Lake Ladoga: Lake Ladoga is a freshwater lake in northwestern Russia near Saint Petersburg. It is situated in the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast.

Lake Onega: Lake Onega is the second-largest lake in Europe, located in northwest Russia. It is situated within the Republic of Karelia, Leningrad Oblast, and Vologda Oblast. This basin of the Baltic Sea is fed by numerous rivers and drained by the Svir.

Vänern: Vänern is Sweden's largest lake and the biggest one in the European Union. It is situated in the southwest of the country, spanning the provinces of Västergötland, Dalsland, and Värmland. With a surface elevation of 44 meters and a maximum depth of 106 meters, it reaches a depth of 62 meters below sea level. The average depth is 28 meters, keeping the majority of the lake floor above sea level.

Great Lakes: The Great Lakes are a group of large freshwater lakes in North America. They are connected to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River. The five lakes—Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario—are located near the border between Canada and the United States. Michigan and Huron are joined together at the Straits of Mackinac. The Great Lakes Waterway allows for efficient water travel and shipping between the lakes.

Lake Superior: Lake Superior is the world's largest freshwater lake by surface area and volume, containing 10% of the world's fresh water. It is located in central North America, bordering the Canadian province of Ontario and the US states of Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin. The lake drains into Lake Huron through the St. Marys River, connecting to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River.

Lake Michigan: Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America, ranking second in volume and third in surface area. It is connected to Lake Huron through the Straits of Mackinac, and both lakes share the same surface elevation.

Lake Huron: Lake Huron is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is connected to Lake Michigan by the Straits of Mackinac. It is shared by Ontario, Canada to the north and east, and Michigan, USA to the south and west. The name comes from French explorers who named it after the Huron people who lived there.

Lake Erie: Lake Erie is the fourth-largest of the Great Lakes and eleventh-largest globally. It is the southernmost and shallowest with the shortest average water residence time. With a maximum depth of 210 feet, it is the only Great Lake with its deepest point above sea level.

Lake Ontario: Lake Ontario is a Great Lake located between Ontario, Canada and New York, USA. The lake is bordered by Ontario to the north, west, and southwest, and New York to the south and east. It also marks a part of the Canada-US border.

Great Bear Lake: Great Bear Lake is the largest lake in Canada and the fourth-largest in North America. Located on the Arctic Circle in the boreal forest of Canada's Northwest Territories, it sits at an elevation of 156 m (512 ft) above sea level.

Great Slave Lake: Great Slave Lake is the second-largest lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada, covering an area of 27,200 km2. It is the deepest lake in North America, with a maximum depth of 614 m. The lake is 469 km long and has a width that varies from 20 to 203 km. Its volume is estimated to range from 1,070 to 2,088 km3, making it one of the largest lakes in the world by volume.

Lake Nicaragua: Lake Nicaragua, also known as Cocibolca or Granada, is the largest freshwater lake in Central America, covering an area of 8,264 square kilometers. With an elevation of 32.7 meters above sea level, it reaches a depth of 26 meters. The lake is of tectonic origin and is the 19th largest lake in the world and the tenth largest in the Americas. It is intermittently connected to Lake Managua by the Tipitapa River.

Lake Winnipeg: Lake Winnipeg is a large, shallow lake in Manitoba, Canada. It is the country's sixth-largest freshwater lake and the third-largest contained entirely within Canada. The lake's eastern side is home to pristine boreal forests and rivers that have been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. With remote sandy beaches, limestone cliffs, and numerous bat caves, the lake stretches 416 km and boasts many undeveloped islands. Additionally, Manitoba Hydro utilizes the lake as one of the largest reservoirs in the world.

Lake Eyre: Lake Eyre, also known as Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre, is an endorheic lake located in South Australia. It is the lowest natural point in Australia, lying approximately 15 m (49 ft) below sea level. When full, it becomes the largest lake in Australia, covering up to 9,500 km2 (3,668 sq mi). The lake's salinity is comparable to seawater but becomes hypersaline as water evaporates.

Lake Maracaibo: Lake Maracaibo is a brackish lake in northwestern Venezuela, between the states of Zulia, Trujillo, and Mérida. It is a semi-enclosed bay off the coast of the Gulf of Venezuela. Although it is commonly called a lake, its geological characteristics suggest otherwise. It is the largest lake in South America, covering an area of 13,512 km2 (5,217 sq mi), and is one of the oldest on Earth, originating around 36 million years ago in the Andes Mountains.

Lake Titicaca: Lake Titicaca is a vast freshwater lake located in the Andes mountains on the Bolivia-Peru border. Known as the highest navigable lake globally, it is also the largest in South America in terms of both water volume and surface area.

Congo River: The Congo River, also known as the Zaire River, is Africa's second-longest river after the Nile. It ranks as the world's third-largest river in terms of discharge volume, surpassed only by the Amazon and Ganges rivers. With depths of around 220 m (720 ft), it holds the record as the world's deepest river. The Congo-Lualaba-Chambeshi River system stretches for a total of 4,700 km (2,900 mi), making it the ninth-longest river globally. The river's name changes to Lualaba upstream of Boyoma Falls, and it extends for 1,800 km (1,100 mi) under this name.

Ubangi River: The Ubangi River, also spelled Oubangui, is the largest tributary of the Congo River in Central Africa. It starts at the confluence of the Mbomou and Uele Rivers and serves as the border between the Central African Republic (CAR) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It then flows through the CAR capital of Bangui before becoming the border between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo. Finally, it merges with the Congo River at Liranga.

Limpopo River: The Limpopo River is a 1,750km long river that begins in South Africa and flows eastward through Mozambique to the Indian Ocean. It is named after a group of Tsonga settlers led by Hosi Rivombo. The river is also referred to as Vhembe by local Venda communities. It has a drainage basin of 415,000 square kilometers and a mean discharge of 170 m3 per second at its mouth. The Limpopo River is the second largest river in Africa that empties into the Indian Ocean.

Niger River: The Niger River is a major river in West Africa, stretching 4,180 km. It flows through Guinea, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, and discharges into the Gulf of Guinea. It has a vast drainage basin of 2,117,700 km2 and forms the Niger Delta. The river is the third-longest in Africa, and its main tributary is the Benue River.

Nile: The Nile is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa that flows into the Mediterranean Sea. It is historically considered the longest river in the world. It stretches for about 6,650 km and passes through eleven countries. The Nile is the primary water source for Egypt, Sudan, and South Sudan, and supports agriculture and fishing.

Blue Nile: The Blue Nile is a river in Ethiopia and Sudan, originating from Lake Tana. It is a major tributary of the Nile, supplying 85.6% of the Nile's water during the rainy season. It travels around 1,450 km (900 mi) through both countries.

White Nile: The White Nile is a major African river, which, along with the Blue Nile, forms the Nile river system. Its name derives from the clay sediment in its water, giving it a light hue.

Orange River: The Orange River is the longest river in South Africa, spanning 2,432 km. It flows westward from the Drakensberg mountains in Lesotho, forming part of the international borders between South Africa and Lesotho, and between South Africa and Namibia. It provides water for irrigation and hydroelectric power, playing a vital role in the South African economy. Named after the Dutch ruling family, it does not pass through major cities except for Upington. Alternative names include Gariep River and Senqu River.

Senegal River: The Senegal River is a 1086 km long river in West Africa, serving as a border between Senegal and Mauritania. It has a large drainage basin of 270000 km2 and a significant flow of 680 m3/s. The river has important tributaries including the Falémé, Karakoro, and Gorgol Rivers. Upon passing Kaédi, it splits into two branches, rejoining after 200 km downstream of Podor.

Zambezi: The Zambezi is Africa's fourth-longest river, flowing eastward and into the Indian Ocean. It covers a drainage basin of 1,390,000 km2, slightly smaller than the Nile's. The river stretches 2,574 kilometers, running through Zambia, Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. Finally, it empties into the Indian Ocean.

Amur: The Amur River is a lasting river in Northeast Asia, serving as the natural border between the Russian Far East and Northeast China. It spans 2,824 km, making it the world's tenth longest river, and has a drainage basin of 1,855,000 km2.

Songhua River: The Songhua River, located in China, is the longest tributary of the Amur and spans approximately 1,897 km (1,179 mi). Originating from the Changbai Mountains on the China-North Korea border, it flows through the Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces in northeastern China.

Pearl River: The Pearl River is an extensive river system in southern China that flows into the South China Sea through the Pearl River Delta. It is China's third-longest river and second largest by volume, after the Yangtze. The Pearl River Basin drains Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, as well as parts of Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, and Jiangxi. It also extends into Vietnam. The Pearl River is known for flowing through Guangzhou.

Yangtze: The Yangtze, also known as Yangzi or Changjiang, is the longest river in Eurasia and the third longest globally. It flows entirely within China, starting at Jari Hill in the Tibetan Plateau and stretching for 6,300 km in an easterly direction to the East China Sea. The river ranks as the fifth largest in terms of discharge volume worldwide. Its extensive drainage basin covers a fifth of China's land area and is home to nearly a third of the country's population.

Yellow River: The Yellow River is the second longest river in China, stretching over 5,464 km (3,395 mi) from the Bayan Har Mountains to the Bohai Sea. It is known as the birthplace of ancient Chinese civilization.

Irrawaddy River: The Irrawaddy River is Myanmar's largest river, flowing from north to south. It serves as an important commercial waterway and originates from the N'mai and Mali rivers. The river follows a relatively straight path before emptying into the Andaman Sea through the Irrawaddy Delta. It has a vast drainage basin covering a significant portion of Burma. Additionally, it is sometimes nicknamed "The Road to Mandalay" after Rudyard Kipling's poem.

Mekong: The Mekong River is a trans-boundary river in East and Southeast Asia. It is the third-longest river in Asia, running through China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Despite its seasonal variations, it serves as a key trade route between Tibet and Southeast Asia. However, the construction of hydroelectric dams is causing significant issues for the river's ecosystem, including worsening droughts.

Salween River: The Salween River is a long Southeast Asian river, flowing from Tibet to the Andaman Sea. It runs through China and Myanmar, with a short section forming the Myanmar-Thailand border. The river is swift and passes through rugged canyons, and it is only navigable for the last 90 km at its modest estuary and delta in Mawlamyine. It is known as Thanlwin in Burma and Nu Jiang in China, with "Salween" being the anglicized version of the Burmese name.

Ganges: The Ganges is a trans-boundary river in Asia that flows through India and Bangladesh. Rising in the Himalayas, it flows through the Gangetic plain, receiving tributaries from Nepal. In India, a canal diverts 50% of its flow to the Hooghly River. In Bangladesh, it becomes the Padma and joins the Jamuna and Meghna rivers, forming the Ganges Delta. This river system is the second-largest in the world by discharge.

Yamuna: The Yamuna is India's longest tributary river, originating from the Yamunotri Glacier. It spans 1,376 km with a vast drainage area of 366,223 sq km. It merges with the Ganges at Triveni Sangam, Prayagraj, a significant site for the Hindu festival, Kumbh Mela.

Brahmaputra River: The Brahmaputra River is a trans-boundary river flowing through Tibet, India, and Bangladesh. It is also known as Luit, Yarlung Tsangpo, Siang/Dihang River, and Jamuna River. It ranks as the 9th largest river in the world by discharge and the 15th longest.

Godavari River: The Godavari River is India's second longest river, draining into the third largest basin in the country. It originates in Trimbakeshwar, Maharashtra and flows east for 1,465 kilometers, passing through multiple states including Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha. It ultimately empties into the Bay of Bengal through an extensive network of distributaries. With a large catchment area of 312,812 square kilometers, it forms one of the largest river basins in India, after the Ganga and Indus rivers. Known as the Dakshina Ganga, it is the largest river in peninsular India in terms of length, catchment area, and discharge.

Indus River: The Indus River is a transboundary river in Asia that flows through South and Central Asia. It originates in mountain springs in Western Tibet, passes through the disputed region of Kashmir, and continues southwards into Pakistan before reaching the Arabian Sea near Karachi.

Krishna River: The Krishna River is the third-longest river in India, spanning 1,400 kilometers (870 mi) and flowing through the Deccan plateau. It is known as Krishnaveni and its length in Maharashtra is 282 kilometers. With significant water inflows and a large river basin area, it ranks fourth in India. This river plays a crucial role in irrigation, benefiting the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh.

Lena (river): The Lena is a Russian Far East river, one of the three Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean. It is the longest river entirely within Russia, spanning 4,294 km, and has a large drainage basin of 2,490,000 km2. The majority of its catchment area is underlain by permafrost.

Ob (river): The Ob River is a major river in Russia, flowing through western Siberia. It is part of the seventh-longest river system globally, measuring 5,410 kilometers in length. Originating from the Altai Mountains, it forms at the confluence of the Biya and Katun rivers. The Ob River is the westernmost of the three main Siberian rivers that empty into the Arctic Ocean. Its flow direction is northwest and then north.

Irtysh: The Irtysh is a major river in Russia, China, and Kazakhstan. It holds the distinction of being the longest tributary river globally, as it feeds into the Ob River.

Ural (river): The Ural (or Yaik) is a river in Russia and Kazakhstan that marks the border between Europe and Asia. It begins in the southern Ural Mountains and ends in the Caspian Sea. With a length of 2,428 kilometers (1,509 mi), it is the third longest river in Europe and the 18th longest in Asia. The Ural is widely recognized as the boundary separating Europe and Asia.

Yenisey: The Yenisey is a major river system and the world's fifth-longest. It empties into the Arctic Ocean, making it the largest river to do so.

Angara: The Angara is a major river in Siberia, flowing through Irkutsk Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Krai in Russia. It originates from Lake Baikal and is the primary tributary of the Yenisey. With a length of 1,849 km, it has a large drainage basin of 1,039,000 square km. Previously, it was referred to as the Lower Angara and, before its junction with the Ilim, as the Upper Tunguska, with names later reversed.

Euphrates: The Euphrates is a vital river in Western Asia, flowing through Turkey, Syria, and Iraq. Together with the Tigris, it forms the core of Mesopotamia. It ultimately joins the Tigris to flow into the Shatt al-Arab before reaching the Persian Gulf.

Jordan River: The Jordan River, also called Nahr Al-Sharieat, is a 251-kilometre-long river flowing from the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea in the Middle East. It serves as the border between Jordan and the occupied West Bank, with Jordan and the Golan Heights on its east and Israel on its west. The river is significant as both Jordan and the West Bank derive their names from it.

Tigris: The Tigris is one of the main rivers in Mesopotamia, alongside the Euphrates. Originating from the Taurus Mountains in Turkey, it passes through the Syrian and Arabian Deserts before reaching the Persian Gulf.

Amu Darya: The Amu Darya is a major river in Central Asia and Afghanistan, also known as Amu and Amo. Its ancient name was Oxus. The river begins in the Pamir Mountains and is formed by the Vakhsh and Panj rivers on the Afghanistan-Tajikistan border. It flows northwest into the remnants of the Aral Sea. The Amu Darya forms part of Afghanistan's northern border and was historically seen as the boundary between Greater Iran and Turan. It has an average flow of 70 cubic kilometers per year.

Syr Darya: The Syr Darya, also called Jaxartes, is a Persian-named river in Central Asia. Originating in the Tian Shan Mountains, it flows through Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan for 2,256.25 km. It is one of the main rivers in the Aral Sea basin, along with the Amu Darya.

Elbe: The Elbe is a significant river in Western Europe, flowing through the Czech Republic, Germany, and eventually emptying into the North Sea. With a length of 1,094 km (680 mi), it starts in the Giant Mountains and passes through Bohemia before reaching its final destination at Cuxhaven, 110 km northwest of Hamburg.

Danube: The Danube is Europe's second-longest river, flowing through Central and Southeastern Europe. It served as a significant frontier of the Roman Empire and now connects ten European countries. Originating in Germany, it passes through Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine. The river is home to four national capitals, including Vienna and Budapest. It has an extensive drainage basin of 817,000 km², extending into nine more countries.

Dnieper: The Dnieper, also known as Dnipro, is a major European river that starts in Russia, flows through Belarus and Ukraine, and reaches the Black Sea. It is approximately 2,200 km long, making it the longest river in Ukraine and Belarus, and the fourth-longest in Europe. The Dnieper has a vast drainage basin of 504,000 square kilometers and is an important transboundary waterway.

Don (river): The Don is a major river in Russia, flowing from Central Russia to the Sea of Azov. It is the fifth-longest river in Europe and has historically been significant for trade between Byzantine Empire traders.

Loire: The Loire is the longest river in France, spanning 1,006 km. It covers a vast area of 117,054 km², accounting for more than a fifth of France's land. However, its average discharge is only half that of the Rhône.

Neva: The Neva is a river in northwestern Russia that flows from Lake Ladoga to the Gulf of Finland. It has a length of 74 kilometres and is the fourth-largest river in Europe in terms of average discharge.

Pechora (river): The Pechora is a major European river originating in Northwest Russia. It ranks as the sixth-longest river in the continent, while its course spans the Komi Republic and a portion of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Ultimately, it flows into the Arctic Ocean.

Rhine: The Rhine is a major European river that starts in the Swiss Alps and forms borders between Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, and Germany. It then becomes the Franco-German border and flows north through the German Rhineland. After turning west, it empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands. The river covers an area of 9,973 sq km and its name comes from the Celtic Rēnos. It has also inspired the names of two German states, North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate.

Vistula: The Vistula is Poland's longest river and the ninth-longest in Europe, spanning 1,047 kilometers. With a vast drainage basin of 193,960 km2, it extends into three other countries and encompasses 168,868 km2 within Poland alone.

Volga: The Volga is Europe's longest river, flowing through Russia from Central to Southern regions and emptying into the Caspian Sea. With a length of 3,531 km and a massive catchment area of 1,360,000 km2, it is also Europe's largest river in terms of average discharge and drainage basin. Known as the national river of Russia, it has played a significant role in the history of the region, serving as a meeting point for different civilizations.

Tagus: The Tagus is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula, flowing for 1,007 km (626 mi) from the Montes Universales in Spain to the Atlantic Ocean in Lisbon, Portugal.

River Thames: The River Thames is a long river in southern England, including London. It is the longest river entirely within England and the second-longest in the UK.

Rio Grande: The Rio Grande is a major river in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It stretches for 1,896 miles (3,051 km) and is the 4th longest river in the United States and North America. Originating in Colorado, it flows to the Gulf of Mexico. The river's watershed covers 182,200 square miles (472,000 km2), but additional basins increase the total to 336,000 square miles (870,000 km2).

Mackenzie River: The Mackenzie River is a major river in Canada, flowing through the boreal forest. It forms the longest river system in the country, along with the Slave, Peace, and Finlay rivers. With the second largest drainage basin in North America after the Mississippi, it is a significant waterway.

St. Lawrence River: The St. Lawrence River is a major river connecting the Great Lakes to the North Atlantic Ocean. It flows from Lake Ontario to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, passing through Ontario, Quebec, and New York. It also serves as a border between Canada and the United States.

Yukon River: The Yukon River is a major watercourse in northwest North America. It originates in British Columbia, Canada, and flows through Yukon territory. It then continues through Alaska, before emptying into the Bering Sea at the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. This 3,190 km long river has an average flow of 6,400-7,000 m3/s and covers a drainage area of 833,000 km2, with a significant portion in Canada. The total area it spans is more than 25% larger than Texas or Alberta.

Colorado River: The Colorado River is a major river in the Southwestern United States and Mexico, spanning 1,450 miles. It is the 5th longest river in the US and flows through seven states and two Mexican states. The river gets its name from its reddish color due to a high silt content. Originating in the Colorado Rockies, it flows southwest across the Colorado Plateau and through the Grand Canyon before reaching Lake Mead. Eventually, it reaches the mostly dry Colorado River Delta at the tip of the Gulf of California.

Columbia River: The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest and stretches from British Columbia, Canada to the Pacific Ocean. It forms most of the border between Washington and Oregon, covering a distance of 1,243 miles. With its largest tributary being the Snake River, it boasts a vast drainage basin that extends into seven U.S. states and one Canadian province, roughly the size of France. Known as the fourth-largest river in the United States by volume, it holds the highest flow of any river entering the Pacific outside of Asia and is the 36th largest in the world.

Mississippi River: The Mississippi River, the second-longest river in the US, flows for 2,340 miles from Lake Itasca in Minnesota to the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico. Its vast watershed covers parts of 32 US states and two Canadian provinces. With a total drainage basin of 1,151,000 sq mi, the Mississippi ranks thirteenth globally in terms of discharge. It borders or passes through several states including Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

Missouri River: The Missouri River is the longest river in the United States, spanning 2,341 miles. It starts in Montana's eastern Centennial Mountains and flows east and south before joining the Mississippi River near St. Louis. This river has a vast watershed covering over 500,000 square miles, including parts of ten U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. Despite being a tributary, it is slightly longer than the Mississippi and carries a comparable amount of water. When combined with the lower Mississippi, it creates the world's fourth-longest river system.

Ohio River: The Ohio River is a 981-mile long river in the United States, flowing from western Pennsylvania to the southern tip of Illinois. It serves as a boundary between the Midwestern and Southern regions. As the largest tributary of the Mississippi River, it ranks third in discharge volume and is the sixth oldest river in North America. The river spans six states and its basin includes parts of 14 states. Additionally, it provides drinking water for approximately five million people.

Murray River: The Murray River is Australia's longest river, spanning 2,508 km. It flows through Southeastern Australia and is part of the Murray-Darling basin, which is a vital irrigated region. The river's tributaries include five of Australia's other longest rivers.

Amazon River: The Amazon River in South America is the world's largest river in terms of water flow and forms the longest river system. Its status as the longest river system has been challenged by those who argue that the Nile holds this title.

Madeira River: The Madeira River is a major waterway in South America and the biggest tributary of the Amazon, contributing about 15% of its water. It is estimated to be 1,450 km (900 mi) in length and is formed by the convergence of two large rivers near its mouth. It was historically known as the River of Cuyari and plays a significant role in the region's history and transportation.

Rio Negro (Amazon): The Rio Negro, also known as Guainía, is the largest left tributary of the Amazon River. It is the world's largest blackwater river and ranks among the ten largest rivers based on average discharge.

Tocantins River: The Tocantins River is a central river in Brazil, flowing from south to north for approximately 2,450 km. Its name means "toucan's beak" in the Tupi language. It is not a branch of the Amazon River, but its waters join the Amazon's as they both flow into the Atlantic Ocean. The Tocantins River passes through four Brazilian states and gave rise to a new state named after it in 1988, previously part of Goiás.

Magdalena River: The Magdalena River is Colombia's primary river, spanning 1,528 kilometers through the western half of the country. It is named after Mary Magdalene and is navigable except for sand bars near its delta. The river flows through the Magdalena River Valley.

Orinoco: The Orinoco is a long river in South America, with a length of 2,250 km. It has a large drainage basin covering 989,000 km2, mostly in Venezuela. It is the fourth largest river in the world by water discharge. The Orinoco River serves as a crucial transportation system in Venezuela and Colombia. The basin is home to a diverse environment and wildlife.

Paraná River: The Paraná River is a major river in South America, flowing through Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina. It spans about 4,880 kilometers, making it the second longest river in South America after the Amazon. It joins the Paraguay River and later merges with the Uruguay River to form the Río de la Plata, ultimately emptying into the Atlantic Ocean.

Río de la Plata: The Río de la Plata is the estuary formed by the Uruguay River and the Paraná River. It empties into the Atlantic Ocean and creates a funnel-shaped indentation on South America's southeastern coastline. It is debated whether it is a river, estuary, gulf, or marginal sea, and if considered a river, it is the widest in the world reaching up to 220 kilometers (140 mi) wide.

São Francisco River: The São Francisco River, also known as "Velho Chico," is the longest river in Brazil, spanning 2,914 kilometers. It was formerly called Opara by indigenous peoples and now runs entirely within Brazilian territory.

Uruguay River: The Uruguay River is a major river in South America, forming parts of the boundaries of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. It flows from north to south, separating Argentine provinces from the other two countries. It passes through Brazilian states and borders several provinces in Argentina, as well as departments in Uruguay.

Gulf of Aden: The Gulf of Aden is a deepwater gulf located in the Indian Ocean, bordered by Yemen, the Arabian Sea, Djibouti, and Somalia. It connects with the Red Sea through the Bab-el-Mandeb strait and narrows into the Gulf of Tadjoura. The Aden Ridge in the middle of the Gulf is causing it to widen gradually.

Bass Strait: Bass Strait is a strait that separates Tasmania from mainland Australia, serving as the primary water passage between the Great Australian Bight and the Tasman Sea. It is the sole maritime route leading to Port Phillip Bay, a significant economic hub.

Bering Strait: The Bering Strait is a narrow passage between the Pacific and Arctic oceans, dividing the Chukchi Peninsula of Russia from Alaska's Seward Peninsula. It marks the maritime boundary between Russia and the United States, situated just south of the Arctic Circle. The strait is named after Vitus Bering, a Danish explorer employed by the Russian Empire.

Bosporus: The Bosporus is a strait in Istanbul, Turkey, connecting the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara. It acts as a boundary between Asia and Europe, separating Anatolia from Thrace. It is the narrowest strait used for international navigation.

Cook Strait: Cook Strait is a treacherous body of water that separates New Zealand's North and South Islands, connecting the Tasman Sea to the northwest with the South Pacific Ocean to the southeast. Known for its danger and unpredictability, this 22-kilometre wide strait is recognized as one of the most hazardous waters globally. Despite its challenges, regular ferry services operate between Wellington and Picton, providing a crucial transportation link.

Dardanelles: The Dardanelles is a narrow and important waterway in northwestern Turkey, separating Asian and European Turkey. It is also known as the Strait of Gallipoli and Hellespont in Classical Antiquity. The Dardanelles forms part of the continental boundary between Asia and Europe, and along with the Bosporus, it creates the Turkish Straits.

Strait of Dover: The Strait of Dover, also known as Dover Strait, is the narrowest part of the English Channel, separating Great Britain from continental Europe. It spans approximately 20 miles from the South Foreland in England's Kent county to Cap Gris Nez near Calais in France. The strait is a popular route for cross-channel swimmers. It falls within the territorial waters of both France and the United Kingdom, but allows free movement for vessels of other nations under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.

Drake Passage: The Drake Passage is a stretch of water connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, located between Cape Horn and the South Shetland Islands. It is named after Sir Francis Drake, a 16th-century explorer.

English Channel: The English Channel, or simply the Channel, is a body of water that separates Southern England from northern France. It connects to the North Sea through the Strait of Dover and is the world's busiest shipping area.

Straits of Florida: The Straits of Florida is a strait located between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean, separating the Florida Keys and Cuba. It is 93 mi (150 km) wide at the narrowest point and reaches a depth of 6,000 feet (1,800 m). The strait serves as the pathway for the Florida Current, the starting point of the Gulf Stream.

Strait of Gibraltar: The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow passage that links the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, dividing Europe from Africa.

Strait of Hormuz: The Strait of Hormuz is a highly strategic choke point connecting the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. It is the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean. It spans about 90 nautical miles and is located between Iran and the Musandam peninsula, which is shared by the UAE and Oman. Its width ranges from 21 to 52 nautical miles.

Kattegat: The Kattegat is a 30,000 km2 sea area located between the Jutlandic peninsula and the Danish Straits in the west, and the provinces of Sweden in the east. It acts as a drainage outlet for the Baltic Sea via the Danish Straits. Considered a continuation of the Skagerrak, it is traditionally not considered a bay of the North Sea.

Korea Strait: The Korea Strait is a sea passage connecting the East China Sea, Yellow Sea, and Sea of Japan. It is split by Tsushima Island into the Western Channel and Eastern Channel. The strait is economically important and allows free passage for shipping between Japan and Korea. It has historical significance in terms of Buddhism, Mongol invasions, and the Battle of Korea Strait in the Korean War. There is a proposal for a Japan-Korea Undersea Tunnel to connect the countries.

Strait of Magellan: The Strait of Magellan is a sea route in southern Chile that separates mainland South America from Tierra del Fuego. It is the most important natural passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Indigenous peoples, such as the Kawésqar, had been navigating the strait for thousands of years. It is approximately 570 km long and 2 km wide at its narrowest point. In 1520, Ferdinand Magellan's expedition became the first Europeans to discover it.

Strait of Malacca: The Strait of Malacca is a narrow waterway between the Indonesian island of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, connecting the Andaman Sea with the South China Sea. It is a vital shipping route, spanning 500 miles in length, and ranging from 40 to 155 miles wide. Named after the Malaka tree, it serves as a key channel for maritime trade between the Indian Ocean and South China Sea.

Mozambique Channel: The Mozambique Channel is a stretch of the Indian Ocean found between Madagascar and Mozambique. It is approximately 1,700 km long and 419 km wide at its narrowest point. The channel has a depth of 3,292 m about 230 km off the coast of Mozambique. It is influenced by the warm Mozambique Current, which flows southward and joins the Agulhas Current along the east coast of Southern Africa.

Palk Strait: The Palk Strait is a narrow strip of water between India's Tamil Nadu state and Sri Lanka's Northern Province. It connects the Bay of Bengal with Palk Bay, spanning 40 to 85 miles in width and 85 miles in length. It has a maximum depth of less than 9.1 m. The strait is named after Robert Palk, a former governor of Madras. Numerous rivers, including Tamil Nadu's Vaigai River, flow into it.

Skagerrak: Skagerrak is a strait that connects the North Sea and the Kattegat sea. It runs between the Jutland peninsula in Denmark, the west coast of Sweden, and the east coast of Norway.

Taiwan Strait: The Taiwan Strait is a 180-km wide strait that separates Taiwan from mainland Asia. It is located in the South China Sea and connects to the East China Sea in the north. The strait's narrowest section measures 130 km wide.

Erie Canal: The Erie Canal, completed in 1825, is a historic canal in upstate New York that connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie. It was the first waterway linking the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes, leading to significant reductions in transportation costs across the Appalachians. The canal played a crucial role in accelerating the settlement of the Great Lakes region, promoting westward expansion in the United States, and boosting New York State's economic growth. It is often referred to as "The Nation's First Superhighway."

Grand Canal (China): The Grand Canal in China is the world's longest canal and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It stretches for 1,776 km, passing through six main sections and connecting various rivers and lakes. It spans across several provinces and municipalities, including Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, Tianjin, and Beijing. Parts of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal and the Tongji and Yongji Canals are also recognized as components of the Grand Canal.

Kiel Canal: The Kiel Canal is a 98 km long canal connecting the North Sea to the Baltic Sea in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein. It was completed in 1895 and offers a shortcut of 460 km, saving time and avoiding rough seas and Danish straits.

Panama Canal: The Panama Canal is a 51-mile waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and facilitates maritime trade. The canal includes locks that lift ships up to Gatun Lake, a man-made freshwater lake. It uses 200 million liters of fresh water for each ship passing through.

St. Lawrence Seaway: The St. Lawrence Seaway is a system of locks, canals, and channels connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes of North America. It allows oceangoing vessels to reach ports in all five Great Lakes, as far inland as Duluth, Minnesota. The seaway extends from Montreal to Lake Erie, including the Welland Canal. It is named after the St. Lawrence River, which flows from Lake Ontario to the Atlantic Ocean.

Suez Canal: The Suez Canal is a man-made waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. It is 193.30 kilometers long and plays a crucial role in trade between Europe and Asia.

White Sea–Baltic Canal: The White Sea–Baltic Canal, also known as the White Sea Canal, is a ship canal in Russia. It was opened on August 2, 1933, and connects the White Sea with Lake Onega, which eventually leads to the Baltic Sea. Originally named the Stalin White Sea–Baltic Canal, it played a significant role in the country's transportation system until 1961.

Northeast Passage: The Northeast Passage is an Arctic shipping route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans along Norway and Russia's Arctic coasts. The Northwest Passage refers to the western route through Canada's islands.

Northwest Passage: The Northwest Passage is a sea route through the Arctic Ocean, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans along the northern coast of North America. It passes through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and is known as the Northeast Passage along the Arctic coasts of Norway and Siberia. The route is formed by a series of waterways, called the Northwest Passages or Canadian Internal Waters, which separate islands from each other and from mainland Canada.

Great Artesian Basin: The Great Artesian Basin (GAB) is the world's largest and deepest artesian basin, situated in Australia. Covering over 1,700,000 square kilometres (660,000 sq mi), it contains water temperatures ranging from 30 to 100 °C. The GAB is essential as it serves as the sole source of fresh water across much of inland Australia.

Antarctic ice sheet: The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest mass of ice on Earth, covering about 98% of the Antarctic continent. It has an average thickness of over 2 kilometers and spans an area of almost 14 million square kilometers. It contains 26.5 million cubic kilometers of ice. It should not be confused with the Antarctic sea ice. The other ice sheet on Earth is the Greenland ice sheet.

Greenland ice sheet: The Greenland ice sheet is a massive body of ice that covers around 80% of Greenland's surface. It is about 1.67 km thick on average and up to 3.5 km at its thickest point. Spanning over 1,700,000 square kilometers, it is the second largest ice sheet in the world after the East Antarctic. It is often called an ice cap or inland ice and referred to as GIS or GrIS in scientific literature.

Great Barrier Reef: The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system spanning over 2,300 km. It consists of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands, covering an area of about 344,400 square kilometres. Located off the coast of Queensland, Australia, it can be seen from space and is the largest structure created by living organisms. The reef is made up of coral polyps and supports abundant biodiversity. It was designated as a World Heritage Site in 1981 and is recognized as one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World. Its importance is also acknowledged by being listed as a state icon of Queensland.

Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a vast underwater mountain range in the Atlantic Ocean. It separates the North American and Eurasian Plates in the north and the African and South American Plates in the south. Stretching from Greenland to the South Atlantic, it is the longest mountain range in the world. Though mainly submerged, parts of the ridge emerge above sea level, notably in Iceland. The ridge is characterized by a spreading rate of about 2.5 centimeters per year.

Mariana Trench: The Mariana Trench is the deepest oceanic trench on Earth, located in the western Pacific Ocean, east of the Mariana Islands. It is crescent-shaped, measuring about 2,550 km in length and 69 km in width, with a maximum known depth of 10,984 metres at the Challenger Deep. It is deeper than Mount Everest is tall.

Angel Falls: Angel Falls is the world's tallest waterfall, located in Venezuela. It has a height of 979 meters (3,212 ft) and drops over the Auyán-tepui mountain in Canaima National Park. The waterfall includes a main plunge, sloped cascade, rapids, and a downstream plunge.

Iguazu Falls: Iguazu Falls is the largest waterfall system in the world, located on the border of the Argentine province of Misiones and the Brazilian state of Paraná. The falls divide the Iguazu River into upper and lower sections, with most of the falls on the Argentine side. The river flows through Brazil for most of its course and forms the border between Argentina and Brazil after merging with the San Antonio River.

Niagara Falls: Niagara Falls is a group of three waterfalls on the border of Ontario, Canada and New York, USA. The largest is Horseshoe Falls, known as Canadian Falls, located between the two countries. The American Falls and Bridal Veil Falls are within the US. Bridal Veil Falls is separated from Horseshoe Falls by Goat Island and from American Falls by Luna Island.

Victoria Falls: Victoria Falls is a massive waterfall on the Zambezi River in southern Africa, serving as a home to diverse plant and animal life. It spans the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe and is among the largest waterfalls globally, boasting a width of 1,708 m (5,604 ft).

Everglades: The Everglades is a flooded grassland region in southern Florida, USA. It is part of a large drainage basin, starting with the Kissimmee River near Orlando, flowing into Lake Okeechobee, and then forming a slow-moving river that stretches over 100 miles to Florida Bay. The Everglades experiences varying weather patterns, from frequent flooding to drought. However, it has suffered significant habitat loss and environmental degradation.

Canary Islands: The Canary Islands, also called Canaries, are an archipelago and Spanish autonomous community in the Atlantic Ocean. They are located 100 km west of Morocco and the Western Sahara, making them the southernmost part of Spain. With a population of 2.2 million people, the Canary Islands are the most populous special territory of the European Union.

Mayotte: Mayotte is an overseas department and region of France located in the Indian Ocean. It consists of a main island, Grande-Terre, a smaller island, Petite-Terre, and several islets. With its prosperous economy, Mayotte attracts a significant number of immigrants, positioning itself as a major destination in the Mozambique Channel.

Madeira: Madeira is an archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean, known as an autonomous region of Portugal. It is culturally associated with Europe and geologically located on the African Tectonic Plate. With Funchal as its capital, its population is predominantly descended from original Portuguese settlers and was recorded to be 251,060 in 2021.

Réunion: Réunion is an island in the Indian Ocean, located east of Madagascar and southwest of Mauritius. It is an overseas department and region of France, known for its population of 885,700 and its capital city, Saint-Denis.

Zanzibar: Zanzibar is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, joined with Tanganyika in 1964 to create Tanzania. It is a semi-autonomous region consisting of small and large islands, with Zanzibar City as the capital. Stone Town, a World Heritage Site, is its historic center.

Alexander Island: Alexander Island, also known as Alexander I Island, is the largest island in Antarctica. Located in the Bellingshausen Sea, it is separated from the Antarctic Peninsula by Marguerite Bay and George VI Sound. The George VI Ice Shelf connects it to Palmer Land. The island surrounds Wilkins Sound and measures 390km long, 80km wide in the north, and 240km wide in the south. It is the second-largest uninhabited island globally, after Devon Island.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands is a union territory of India, consisting of 571 islands with 37 inhabited. Located at the junction of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea, it is about 150 km north of Aceh in Indonesia. The islands are separated from Thailand and Myanmar by the Andaman Sea and are divided into two groups - Andaman Islands and Nicobar Islands. The territory is surrounded by the Andaman Sea on the east and the Bay of Bengal on the west. These islands are believed to be a submerged extension of the Arakan Mountains.

British Indian Ocean Territory: The British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) is a UK Overseas Territory located in the Indian Ocean between Tanzania and Indonesia. It consists of seven atolls in the Chagos Archipelago, with over 1,000 small islands covering a total land area of 60 square kilometers. The largest island, Diego Garcia, is 27 square kilometers and houses a Joint Military Facility operated by both the UK and the US. Despite being administered remotely from London, the capital is considered to be on Diego Garcia.

Jeju Island: Jeju Island is South Korea's biggest island, accounting for 1.83% of the country's total area. It is situated in Jeju Province and covers 1,833.2 km2.

Kuril Islands: The Kuril Islands are a group of volcanic islands administered by Russia, stretching about 1,300 km northeast from Japan to Russia. They separate the Sea of Okhotsk from the north Pacific Ocean. There are 56 islands and many smaller islets, covering an area of 10,503.2 square kilometres. The islands consist of the Greater and Lesser Kuril Chains and are home to roughly 20,000 people.

Phuket province: Phuket province is located in southern Thailand and consists of the largest island in the country, along with 32 smaller islands. It is situated in the Andaman Sea, off the west coast of mainland Thailand. Phuket Island is connected to Phang Nga province by the Sarasin Bridge and is bordered by Krabi to the east across Phang Nga Bay.

Socotra: Socotra, also known as Saqatri, is the largest island in the Socotra archipelago, located in the Indian Ocean and belonging to the Republic of Yemen. Positioned between the Guardafui Channel and the Arabian Sea and situated near important shipping routes, Socotra is recognized as the main island in the Socotra Governorate since 2013.

Hainan: Hainan is the southernmost province of China, comprising several islands in the South China Sea. Its name signifies its location south of the Qiongzhou Strait, separating it from the Chinese mainland.

Hokkaido: Hokkaido is Japan's second largest island, constituting its own region and being the northernmost prefecture. It is separated from Honshu by the Tsugaru Strait and connected to it via the Seikan Tunnel, an undersea railway.

Honshu: Honshu, the largest and most populated island in Japan, was historically known as Akitsushima. Situated south of Hokkaidō and separated by the Tsugaru Strait, and north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, Honshu also lies northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Straits. This island serves as a divide between the Sea of Japan and the North Pacific Ocean. Honshu ranks as the seventh-largest island globally and holds the second-highest population after Java in Indonesia.

Kyushu: Kyushu is Japan's third-largest and most southerly island. It has been known by various names in the past, such as Kyūkoku, Chinzei, and Tsukushi-no-shima. The region was historically referred to as Saikaidō. Kyushu spans an area of 36,782 square kilometers and had a population of 14,311,224 in 2018.

Ryukyu Islands: The Ryukyu Islands, also called the Nansei Islands or the Ryukyu Arc, are a chain of Japanese islands extending southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan. It includes the Ōsumi, Tokara, Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima Islands, with Yonaguni being the most western. These islands consist of larger volcanic landmasses and smaller coral islands, with Okinawa Island being the largest.

Shikoku: Shikoku, the smallest of Japan's four main islands, is located south of Honshu and northeast of Kyushu. It stretches 225 km (139.8 mi) long and is between 50 and 150 km (31.1 and 93.2 mi) wide. With a population of 3.8 million, it is the least populated main island. Shikoku's name references its four former provinces: Awa, Tosa, Sanuki, and Iyo.

Malay Archipelago: The Malay Archipelago, also known as Insulindia or the Indo-Australian Archipelago, refers to the collection of islands between Mainland Southeast Asia and Australia. It has been given several names over time, including "Malay world," "Nusantara," and "East Indies." The term originated from the 19th-century European understanding of a Malay race, which was based on the presence of Austronesian languages in the region.

Maluku Islands: The Maluku Islands, also known as the Moluccas, are an archipelago located in eastern Indonesia. They are situated on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically, they are positioned east of Sulawesi, west of New Guinea, and north and east of Timor. The Moluccas are considered to be a significant meeting point between Asia and Oceania, both geographically and culturally.

Borneo: Borneo is the world's third-largest island, spanning 748,168 sq km. Located in Maritime Southeast Asia, it is part of the Greater Sunda Islands, bordered by Java, Sulawesi, and Sumatra.

Java: Java is a highly populated island in Indonesia, home to over half of the country's population. It is surrounded by the Indian Ocean and the Java Sea. Indonesia's capital city, Jakarta, is located on the island's northwest coast.

Sumatra: Sumatra, an island in western Indonesia, is the largest fully Indonesian territory and the sixth-largest island globally. Covering 475,807.63 km2 (182,812 mi.2), it includes neighboring islands like Simeulue, Nias, and Krakatoa archipelago.

Sulawesi: Sulawesi, also called Celebes, is one of Indonesia's four Greater Sunda Islands. It is the 11th-largest island globally, situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. Sumatra, Borneo, and Papua are the only Indonesian islands larger in size, while Java and Sumatra have higher populations.

Lesser Sunda Islands: The Lesser Sunda Islands, also known as Nusa Tenggara Islands, are an archipelago in Maritime Southeast Asia. They are mostly located in the Wallacea region, except for Bali which is in the Sunda Shelf. Together with the Greater Sunda Islands, they form the Sunda Islands. The islands are part of the Sunda Arc, a volcanic arc formed by subduction along the Sunda Trench. Over 20 million people inhabit the islands. "Nusa Tenggara" translates to "Southeast Islands" in the Old Javanese language.

Bali: Bali, a province of Indonesia, is the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. It includes the main island of Bali and smaller offshore islands like Nusa Penida. The capital, Denpasar, is the largest city in the Lesser Sunda Islands. Ubud, a town in Greater Denpasar, is the cultural center of Bali. The province is a major tourist destination, with tourism making up most of its economy.

Timor: Timor is an island located in Maritime Southeast Asia, at the southern tip of the Timor Sea. It is divided between East Timor and Indonesia, with West Timor belonging to Indonesia's East Nusa Tenggara province. Within West Timor, there is a small exclave of East Timor called Oecusse District. The island has a total area of 30,777 square kilometers and is named after its eastern location among the Lesser Sunda Islands. It is geographically close to mainland Australia, with the Timor Sea separating the two by less than 500 km.

Luzon: Luzon: Largest and most populous Philippine island in the northern region. Economic and political hub of the nation, housing Manila and Quezon City. Population of 64 million, constituting 52.5% of the Philippines' total population. 4th most populous island globally, ranked 15th largest by land area.

Mindanao: Mindanao is the second-largest island in the Philippines and the seventh-most populous island globally. It is located in the southern region of the archipelago and is part of a larger island group. The island has a population of 26,252,442 people, while the entire group has an estimated population of 27,021,036 according to recent censuses.

Visayas: The Visayas, also known as the Visayan Islands, are a major division of the Philippines in the central part of the archipelago. Comprising several islands surrounding the Visayan Sea, it is considered the northeast part of the Sulu Sea. The Visayas is inhabited mainly by the Visayan peoples.

Sakhalin: Sakhalin is an elongated island off the southeastern coast of Khabarovsk Krai in Russia, located north of Japan's Hokkaido. It's the largest island in Russia, dividing the Sea of Okhotsk from the Sea of Japan. With an area of 72,492 square kilometers, it is administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast. The island has a population of roughly 500,000, primarily consisting of Russians. The indigenous peoples, including the Ainu, Oroks, and Nivkhs, are now present in very small numbers.

Azores: The Azores is an archipelago of nine volcanic islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, located 1,400 km west of Lisbon, Portugal. It is an autonomous region of Portugal and part of the Macaronesia region.

Balearic Islands: The Balearic Islands are a Spanish province and autonomous community located in the western Mediterranean Sea near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Palma de Mallorca serves as the capital and largest city of this archipelago.

Corsica: Corsica is the fourth-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France. It lies southeast of the French mainland, west of the Italian Peninsula, and north of the island of Sardinia. Approximately two-thirds of the island is covered by a single chain of mountains. Its population as of January 2023 was 351,255.

Faroe Islands: The Faroe Islands, also known as the Faroes, are an archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean. They are a self-governing territory of Denmark, with the Faroese language being the official language. Faroese shares similarities with Icelandic.

Novaya Zemlya: Novaya Zemlya is an Arctic archipelago in northern Russia. Located in the extreme northeast of Europe, it is surrounded by the Barents Sea to the west and the Kara Sea to the east. The archipelago's northern island, with Cape Flissingsky, marks the easternmost point of Europe.

Sardinia: Sardinia is Italy's second-largest island, located in the Mediterranean Sea. It is positioned west of the Italian Peninsula, north of Tunisia, and south of Corsica.

Sicily: Sicily is Italy's largest and most populous island in the Mediterranean Sea, known for its rich history and cultural heritage. It is an autonomous region with a population of 4.8 million and its capital is Palermo. The island is named after the ancient Sicels, who lived there during the Iron Age.

Svalbard: Svalbard, or Spitsbergen, is a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean, situated between northern Norway and the North Pole. It encompasses islands ranging from 74° to 81° north latitude and 10° to 35° east longitude. The main island is Spitsbergen, with Nordaustlandet and Edgeøya following in size. The largest settlement is Longyearbyen on the west coast of Spitsbergen.

Zealand: Zealand is the largest and most populous island in Denmark. It spans over an area of 7,031 km2 and had a population of 2,319,705 as of January 2020.

British Isles: The British Isles are a group of islands off the north-western coast of Europe. They include Great Britain, Ireland, Isle of Man, Inner and Outer Hebrides, Northern Isles, and over 6,000 smaller islands. The total area is 315,159 km2 with a population of almost 72 million. The sovereign states within the British Isles are the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. The Channel Islands, although not part of the archipelago, are considered part of the British Isles.

Great Britain: Great Britain, located in the North Atlantic, is the largest European island and ninth-largest in the world. It comprises England, Scotland, and Wales, and has a maritime climate with mild seasonal variations. Together with the island of Ireland and over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands, it forms the British Isles archipelago.

Channel Islands: The Channel Islands are an archipelago off the French coast of Normandy divided into two Crown Dependencies: Jersey and Guernsey. They were once part of the Duchy of Normandy and are now under the defense and international relations responsibility of the UK. The islands are not part of the UK, Commonwealth, or EU. With a total population of about 171,916, the capitals of the islands are Saint Helier and Saint Peter Port.

Isle of Man: The Isle of Man, also known as Mann, is a self-governing British Crown Dependency located in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland. Charles III is the Lord of Mann and is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The United Kingdom is responsible for the island's military defense and represents it internationally.

Ireland: Ireland is a North Atlantic island in north-western Europe, separated from Great Britain by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. It is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest globally.

Crete: Crete, the largest Greek island, is also the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Its location is about 160 km south of mainland Greece, and it has an area of 8,450 km2 and a coastline of 1,046 km. With the Aegean, the Sea of Crete, and the Libyan Sea as its borders, Crete spans three longitudes but only half a latitude.

Greenland: Greenland is the largest country in the Kingdom of Denmark and one of its three constituent countries, along with Denmark proper and the Faroe Islands. Its citizens are also citizens of Denmark and the European Union. The capital city is Nuuk. Located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, Greenland is the world's largest island and the northernmost region on Earth. It is home to the world's northernmost undisputed point of land, Kaffeklubben Island.

Bermuda: Bermuda, separate from the Bahamas, is a British Overseas Territory located in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is famous for its pink sandy beaches, crystal-clear turquoise waters, and a subtropical climate. The island is known for its cultural diversity, with a mix of British, American, African, and Portuguese influences. Bermuda is renowned as a global offshore financial center and is home to many international businesses.

Greater Antilles: The Greater Antilles refers to a cluster of major islands in the Caribbean Sea, namely Cuba, Hispaniola (shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Navassa Island, and the Cayman Islands. This region is home to six island states. Along with the Lesser Antilles, the Greater Antilles forms the Antilles.

Cayman Islands: The Cayman Islands is a British Territory in the Caribbean, consisting of the islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little Cayman. It is the largest territory by population and spans 264 square kilometers. The capital city is George Town on Grand Cayman, which is also the most populous island.

Hispaniola: Hispaniola is a populous island in the Caribbean, belonging to the Greater Antilles and ranking as the second largest in the region after Cuba.

Lesser Antilles: The Lesser Antilles are a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea, located east of Puerto Rico. They form an arc that stretches south through the Leeward and Windward Islands, and then turns west along the Venezuelan coast. Barbados is an isolated island located about 100 miles east of the Windwards. This island group is distinct from the larger Greater Antilles to the west.

ABC islands (Leeward Antilles): The ABC islands are Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao, located in the Leeward Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. These islands have a shared political history and are under Dutch ownership. They are near Venezuela and have a status of autonomy or special municipality within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The islands are not part of the European Union, but still provide benefits to the former colonial power through trade and resource rights.

Guadeloupe: Guadeloupe is a Caribbean archipelago, an overseas department and region of France. It consists of six inhabited islands, including Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, and Marie-Galante. The capital is Basse-Terre, but the most populous city is Les Abymes. The region has a population of 378,561 people.

Martinique: Martinique is an island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, belonging to the French West Indies. It is an overseas department and region of the French Republic, and part of the European Union. The currency used is the euro.

Arctic Archipelago: The Arctic Archipelago, also called the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, is a group of islands located north of mainland Canada. It does not include Greenland and Iceland.

Baffin Island: Baffin Island, located in Nunavut, Canada, is the country's largest and the world’s fifth-largest island. It spans an area of 507,451 km2 (195,928 sq mi) with a low population density of 0.03/km². The island houses around 13,039 people as per the 2021 Canadian census and includes the capital city of Nunavut, Iqaluit.

Ellesmere Island: Ellesmere Island is Canada's northernmost and third largest island. It covers an area of 196,236 km2 and spans 830 km in length. It ranks as the tenth largest island globally, slightly smaller than Great Britain.

Newfoundland (island): Newfoundland is a sizable island off the eastern coast of North America, and part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Aleutian Islands: The Aleutian Islands are a chain of 14 large volcanic islands and 55 smaller islands in the Northern Pacific Ocean. They stretch about 1,200 mi westward from the Alaska Peninsula towards Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula. Most of the islands belong to Alaska, but some are part of Kamchatka Krai. They act as a border between the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean. With a land area of 6,821 sq mi, they are known for their remote location and wild beauty.

New Britain: New Britain is the biggest island in the Bismarck Archipelago, part of Papua New Guinea. It is separated from New Guinea and New Ireland by bodies of water. The main towns on the island are Rabaul/Kokopo and Kimbe. It has active volcanoes and experienced a major eruption in 1994. The eruption caused significant damage to Rabaul, leading to the capital being relocated to Kokopo.

French Polynesia: French Polynesia is a collection of islands and atolls in the South Pacific Ocean, owned by France. It consists of 121 islands spread over 2,000 kilometers. The total land area is 3,521 square kilometers with a population of 278,786. The majority of the population lives in the Society Islands.

New Caledonia: New Caledonia is an overseas collectivity of France in the southwest Pacific Ocean. It is located south of Vanuatu, east of Australia, and far from Metropolitan France. The archipelago includes several islands, such as Grande Terre, the Loyalty Islands, and the Isle of Pines. The Chesterfield Islands are situated in the Coral Sea. Locally, Grande Terre is known as "Le Caillou." Although New Caledonia is an overseas territory of the European Union, it is not part of the EU.

New Guinea: New Guinea, the world's second-largest island, is located in Melanesia in the Pacific Ocean. It is separated from Australia by the Torres Strait and was once united with it during low sea levels. The island is surrounded by smaller islands and named after its resemblance to Guinea in Africa.

North Island: The North Island, also known as Te Ika-a-Māui, is the larger of the two main islands in New Zealand. It is separated from the South Island by Cook Strait and covers an area of 113,729 km2 (43,911 sq mi). With a population of 3,997,300, it is home to 77% of New Zealand's residents, making it the most populous island in Polynesia. It ranks as the world's 14th-largest island and constitutes 44% of New Zealand's land area.

South Island: The South Island, also called Te Waipounamu, is the larger of New Zealand's two major islands. It is bordered by Cook Strait, the Tasman Sea, and the Pacific Ocean. With an area of 150,437 square kilometers, it is the world's 12th-largest island and represents 56% of New Zealand's land. The South Island has an oceanic climate at lower altitudes.

Easter Island: Easter Island is a Chilean territory in the Pacific Ocean, known for its 1,000 ancient statues called moai, created by the Rapa Nui people. It was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1995 and is mostly protected within Rapa Nui National Park.

Falkland Islands: The Falkland Islands archipelago is located in the South Atlantic Ocean, around 480 km east of South America's Patagonian coast. It comprises of East Falkland, West Falkland, and 776 smaller islands, covering an area of 12,000 km2. As a British overseas territory, the Falklands have internal self-governance, but the UK is responsible for defense and foreign affairs. The capital and largest settlement is Stanley on East Falkland.

Galápagos Islands: The Galápagos Islands are a volcanic archipelago located in the Eastern Pacific, 900 km west of South America. They are part of Ecuador's Galápagos Province and consist of three main islands with a population of over 33,000. These islands are known for their unique endemic species, which influenced Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. The entire archipelago is protected as Ecuador's Galápagos National Park and Marine Reserve.

Marajó: Marajó is the largest coastal island in Pará, Brazil. It belongs to the Marajó Archipelago and is surrounded by Marajó Bay, Pará River, smaller rivers, Companhia River, Jacaré Grande River, Vieira Grande Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean.

Tierra del Fuego: Tierra del Fuego: Archipelago off the southernmost tip of South America, beyond the Strait of Magellan.

Cape of Good Hope: The Cape of Good Hope is a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula in South Africa.

Horn of Africa: The Horn of Africa (HoA), or Somali Peninsula, is a large geopolitical region in East Africa. It is the fourth largest peninsula in the world, located at the easternmost part of the African mainland. With countries such as Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, and Djibouti, it stretches along the southern boundary of the Red Sea and extends into the Guardafui Channel, Gulf of Aden, and Indian Ocean. The region also shares a maritime border with the Arabian Peninsula. The broader term, Greater Horn Region (GHR), includes additional countries like Kenya, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanzania.

Baja California peninsula: The Baja California peninsula in northwestern Mexico separates the Gulf of California from the Pacific Ocean. It extends from Mexicali, Baja California, in the north to Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, in the south.

Cape Horn: Cape Horn is the southernmost point of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago in southern Chile. It is situated on Hornos Island and serves as the boundary between the Drake Passage and the meeting point of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Yucatán Peninsula: The Yucatán Peninsula is a large peninsula in southeastern Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala. It separates the Gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean Sea and is connected to Cuba by the Yucatán Channel.

Antarctic Peninsula: The Antarctic Peninsula, also called O'Higgins Land in Chile and Tierra de San Martín in Argentina, is the northernmost region of mainland Antarctica. It was originally known as Graham Land in the United Kingdom and the Palmer Peninsula in the United States.

Anatolia: Anatolia, also called Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia and the farthest western part of continental Asia. It forms most of present-day Turkey and is bordered by European Turkey. Geographically, it is surrounded by the Turkish Straits, Black Sea, Armenian Highlands, Mediterranean Sea, and Aegean Sea. The Sea of Marmara connects it to the Black Sea and Aegean Sea while separating it from Thrace in Southeastern Europe.

Arabian Peninsula: The Arabian Peninsula, also called Arabia, is the world's largest peninsula, located in West Asia and northeast of Africa. Covering an area of 3,237,500 km2 (1,250,000 sq mi), it sits on the Arabian Plate.

Korea: Korea is a divided peninsula in East Asia, split near the 38th parallel into two states: South Korea in the south and North Korea in the north. The region includes the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and surrounding minor islands. It borders China and Russia to the north and is separated from Japan by the Korea Strait to the southeast.

Mainland Southeast Asia: Mainland Southeast Asia refers to the continental region in Southeast Asia, bordered by the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. It includes Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and Peninsular Malaysia.

Malay Peninsula: The Malay Peninsula is a landmass in Mainland Southeast Asia, marked by its southernmost location on the Asian continental mainland. It encompasses Peninsular Malaysia, Southern Thailand, and the southernmost tip of Myanmar. Singapore also has strong historical and cultural connections to the region. The peninsula is home to the indigenous people Orang Asli and Malays, who are of Austronesian origin.

Kamchatka Peninsula: The Kamchatka Peninsula is a large peninsula in the Russian Far East, stretching 1,250 kilometers (777 miles) with an area of about 270,000 square kilometers (100,000 square miles). It is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Sea of Okhotsk to the west. Off the Pacific coast lies the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench, a deep trench reaching a depth of 10,500 meters (34,449 feet).

Sinai Peninsula: The Sinai Peninsula is a land bridge between Asia and Africa, located in Egypt. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south. With a land area of 60,000 km2 and a population of 600,000, it is the only part of Egypt in Asia. The peninsula is divided into two governorates: South Sinai and North Sinai. Additionally, three other governorates span the Suez Canal: Suez, Ismailia, and Port Said.

Balkans: The Balkans, a region in southeastern Europe, is named after the Balkan Mountains in Bulgaria. It is bordered by the Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea, Aegean Sea, Turkish straits, and the Black Sea. The highest point is Musala in Bulgaria's Rila mountain range.

Crimea: Crimea is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and Sea of Azov. It is connected to mainland Ukraine by the Isthmus of Perekop and to Russia by the Crimean Bridge. The Arabat Spit separates it from the Sea of Azov. Romania and Turkey lie to the west and south respectively. Sevastopol is its largest city. With a population of 2.4 million, Crimea has been under Russian occupation since 2014.

Kola Peninsula: The Kola Peninsula is a large peninsula in Russia's extreme northwest, situated within the Arctic Circle. It is predominantly part of Murmansk Oblast and is surrounded by the Barents Sea to the north and the White Sea to the east and southeast. The peninsula's most populous city, Murmansk, is home to approximately 270,000 people.

Iberian Peninsula: The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is a peninsula in Southwestern Europe, dividing Peninsular Spain and Continental Portugal. It includes Andorra, Gibraltar, and a part of Southern France. With an area of about 583,254 square kilometers and a population of around 53 million, it is the second-largest European peninsula after Scandinavia.

Eurasian Steppe: The Eurasian Steppe, also known as the Great Steppe or The Steppes, is a vast ecoregion in Eurasia characterized by temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands. It stretches across multiple countries including Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, southern Russia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Mongolia, and Manchuria. One notable feature is the Pannonian steppe, which is mostly located in Hungary.

Ring of Fire: The Ring of Fire is a wide belt surrounding the Pacific Ocean, known for its high concentration of volcanoes and earthquakes. It spans about 40,000 km in length and up to 500 km in width. The exact number of volcanoes within this belt is disputed, but it is said to contain between 750 and 915 active or dormant volcanoes, comprising around two-thirds of the world's total. Additionally, approximately 90% of the world's earthquakes, including the largest ones, occur within this region.

Aïr Mountains: The Aïr Mountains is a triangular massif in northern Niger within the Sahara. It is part of the West Saharan montane xeric woodlands and covers 84,000 sq mi. The Aïr plateau, with an altitude between 500 and 900 m, supports various life forms and communities. The region has remarkable geological and archaeological sites, including prehistoric excavations. The African wild dog, once found here, is now endangered due to human population pressures.

Atlas Mountains: The Atlas Mountains is a mountain range in North Africa that stretches 2,500 km through Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. It separates the Sahara Desert from the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, giving the Atlantic its name. The highest peak, Toubkal, is in central Morocco, reaching an elevation of 4,167 meters. The region is primarily inhabited by Berber populations.

Drakensberg: The Drakensberg is the eastern part of the Great Escarpment in Southern Africa, known for its high elevation of 2,000 to 3,482 metres. It encloses the central Southern African plateau and stretches across South Africa and Lesotho.

Ethiopian Highlands: The Ethiopian Highlands in Northeast Africa is a vast mountainous region known as the "Roof of Northeastern Africa." It is the largest continuous high-elevation area on the continent, with peaks reaching up to 4,550 m (14,930 ft). This rugged landscape is bisected by the Great East African Rift System and spans across Ethiopia and Eritrea. The Ethiopian Highlands are unique in the region, as they are the only area with such high elevation.

Great Rift Valley: The Great Rift Valley is a long trench system spanning over 7,000 kilometers from Lebanon to Mozambique. Though its name is still used, it is not favored in geology due to combining distinct rift and fault systems.

Sahel: The Sahel is a biogeographic region in Africa, serving as a transition zone between Sudanian savannas and the Sahara. It has a hot steppe climate and stretches across North Africa, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea. Despite being in the tropics, it does not have a tropical climate.

Tassili n'Ajjer: Tassili n'Ajjer is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in southeastern Algeria. This national park is known for its vast plateau in the Sahara desert, covering over 72,000 km2 (28,000 sq mi). It is home to one of the most significant collections of prehistoric cave art in the world.

Appalachian Mountains: The Appalachian Mountains, also known as the Appalachians, are a mountain range in North America. They encompass different regions and surrounding areas. The United States and Canada refer to these mountains as Appalachian Highlands and Appalachian Uplands, respectively.

Canadian Shield: The Canadian Shield, also known as the Laurentian Plateau, is a vast region in North America composed of exposed ancient rocks. Glacial activity has left a thin layer of soil, revealing igneous bedrock across the area. It covers over half of Canada, most of Greenland, and stretches from the Great Lakes to the Arctic Ocean, also extending into the northern part of the United States.

Grand Canyon: The Grand Canyon, located in Arizona, USA, is a massive canyon created by the Colorado River. It stretches for 277 miles (446 km), is up to 18 miles (29 km) wide, and reaches depths exceeding a mile.

Great Plains: The Great Plains, often called "the Plains," is a flat expanse of land in North America. Situated east of the Rocky Mountains, it is mostly covered in prairie, steppe, and grassland. The Great Plains are part of the larger Interior Plains, which include various other ecosystems. The term "Great Plains" also refers to the ecoregion of the same name, specifically the western section.

Pacific Coast Ranges: The Pacific Coast Ranges are a series of mountain ranges extending along the West Coast of North America from Alaska to Mexico. They are often considered as the westernmost mountain range of the United States and Canada, but the Insular Mountains of Vancouver Island are geologically distinct and lie farther west.

Sierra Nevada: The Sierra Nevada is a mountain range in the Western United States, primarily in California, but with a portion in Nevada. It is part of the American Cordillera, a chain of mountain ranges that extends through the Americas.

Rocky Mountains: The Rocky Mountains, or the Rockies, are the largest mountain system in North America, stretching 3,000 miles from Canada to New Mexico. The northern terminus is in Canada's British Columbia or Alaska's Brooks Range, while the southernmost point is near Albuquerque. As the easternmost part of the North American Cordillera, the Rockies are distinct from the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada in the west.

Andes: The Andes, also known as the Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range, are the longest continental mountain range in the world, stretching 8,900 km (5,530 mi) along the western edge of South America. It has an average height of about 4,000 m (13,123 ft) and spans seven countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina.

Altiplano: The Altiplano, also known as the Andean Plateau, is a vast high plateau in west-central South America. It is the largest plateau outside Tibet and stretches across Bolivia, with parts extending into Peru and Chile. Situated at the widest point of the Andes, it is characterized by its high elevation and expansive flatness.

Brazilian Highlands: The Brazilian Highlands, spanning 4.5 million km2, cover most of eastern, southern, and central Brazil. This region is home to the majority of Brazil's population and is bordered by a narrow coastal area.

Cerrado: The Cerrado is a vast tropical savanna in eastern Brazil, found in several states including Goiás, Mato Grosso, and Minas Gerais. It is known for its diverse habitats including forest savanna, park savanna, and gallery forests. The Cerrado is located in the Brazilian highlands and encompasses wetlands and woodland areas.

Gran Chaco: The Gran Chaco, also known as the Dry Chaco, is a sparsely populated and semiarid lowland region in South America. It spans across eastern Bolivia, western Paraguay, northern Argentina, and parts of Brazil. This land, also referred to as the Chaco Plain, is hot and connected with the Pantanal region.

Guiana Shield: The Guiana Shield is a 1.7 billion-year-old geological formation in northeast South America. It is part of the South American Plate and includes the Guiana Highlands, known for their table-like mountains called tepuis. The shield also boasts famous waterfalls like Angel Falls and Kaieteur Falls.

Pampas: The Pampas are extensive grasslands in South America covering over 1,200,000 square kilometers. They span across Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil's Rio Grande do Sul state. The region is rich in fertility and interrupted by low hills.

Transantarctic Mountains: The Transantarctic Mountains are a range of uplifted rock in Antarctica, spanning from Cape Adare to Coats Land. They separate East Antarctica from West Antarctica and consist of various named mountain groups, which are further divided into smaller ranges.

Deccan Plateau: The Deccan Plateau in southern India lies between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, extending south of the Narmada River. It is bordered by the Satpura and Vindhya Ranges in the north.

Himalayas: The Himalayas, also known as Himalaya, is a mountain range in Asia that separates the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. Home to the world's highest peaks including Mount Everest, it boasts over 100 peaks above 7,200 m (23,600 ft) in elevation.

Indo-Gangetic Plain: The Indo-Gangetic Plain, also known as the North Indian River Plain, is a vast fertile plain covering northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, including parts of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. It is named after the Indus and Ganges rivers and is bordered by the Himalayas to the north and the Deccan Plateau to the south. This region is home to major cities like Delhi, Dhaka, Kolkata, Lahore, Islamabad, and Karachi.

Karakoram: The Karakoram is a mountain range in the disputed Kashmir region, spanning Pakistan, China, India, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. It is predominantly located in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. The range is home to K2, the highest peak. It starts in the Wakhan Corridor, extends through Gilgit-Baltistan, and reaches Ladakh and Aksai Chin.

Western Ghats: The Western Ghats, also known as Sahyadri, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a mountain range in India. Stretching over 1,600 km parallel to the western coast, it covers an area of 160,000 km2. Older than the Himalayas, it influences monsoon weather patterns and harbors rich biodiversity, with many endemic species. Separating the Deccan Plateau from the Arabian Sea coast, it is often called the Great Escarpment of India. It includes 39 designated world heritage sites, with Kerala having the highest number.

Caucasus Mountains: The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain range located between Asia and Europe, stretching from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea. In this region, you can find Mount Elbrus, which is the highest peak in Europe standing at 5,642 metres (18,510 ft) above sea level.

Iranian Plateau: The Iranian Plateau is a geological feature in West, Central, and South Asia. It is situated between the Zagros Mountains, the Caspian Sea, the Armenian Highlands, the Persian Gulf, and the Indian subcontinent. It is part of the Eurasian Plate, wedged between the Arabian Plate and the Indian Plate.

Hindu Kush: The Hindu Kush is a 800-kilometre-long mountain range located in Central and South Asia. It stretches from Afghanistan into Pakistan and Tajikistan, forming the western part of the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region. Near its northeastern end, it borders the Pamir Mountains where China, Pakistan, and Afghanistan meet. The range runs southwest through Pakistan and into Afghanistan near their border.

Najd: Najd is the central region of Saudi Arabia, housing a significant portion of the country's population. It is the birthplace of the ruling House of Saud, which has been working towards uniting the region with Hejaz under Saudi governance since the Emirate of Diriyah.

Zagros Mountains: The Zagros Mountains are a 1,600 km long mountain range that extends across Iran, northern Iraq, and southeastern Turkey. Spanning from northwestern Iran to the Strait of Hormuz, it covers the western border of Iran and parts of Turkey and Iraq. Mount Dena, at 4,409 meters, is its highest point.

Kunlun Mountains: The Kunlun Mountains are a vast mountain range in Asia, stretching for over 3,000 kilometers. They form the northern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau and lie south of the Tarim Basin.

North China Plain: The North China Plain is a large alluvial plain in China formed by rift basin and modified by the Yellow River. It is the largest alluvial plain in China and is surrounded by Yanshan Mountains, Taihang Mountains, Dabie Mountains, Yellow Sea, and Bohai Sea. The Yellow River flows through the plain and drains into the Bohai Sea.

Tibetan Plateau: The Tibetan Plateau is a massive elevated plateau situated at the intersection of Central, South, and East Asia. It covers several regions including Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xinjiang in China, Bhutan, Ladakh, Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan, Nepal, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. It stretches 1,000 km north to south and 2,500 km east to west. With an area of 2.5 million square kilometers, it is the highest and largest plateau above sea level. Surrounded by towering mountain ranges, including Mount Everest and K2, it is often referred to as "the Roof of the World."

Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau: The Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau or Yungui Plateau is a highland region in southwest China, spanning provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou. The plateau is characterized by both flat highland areas in the southwest and mountainous terrain with hills, gorges, and karst topography in the northeast.

Altai Mountains: The Altai Mountains, or Altay Mountains, are a range in Central and Eastern Asia, uniting Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan. They serve as the origin of the Irtysh and Ob rivers. The massif combines with the Sayan Mountains to the northeast, and gradually decreases in height as it joins the Gobi Desert's high plateau. Spanning approximately 45° to 52° N and 84° to 99° E, the Altai Mountains are a significant geographical feature of the region.

Tian Shan: The Tian Shan is a vast system of mountain ranges in Central Asia, also known as Tengri Tagh or Tengir-Too, meaning "Mountains of God/Heaven". Its tallest peak, Jengish Chokusu, stands at 7,439 meters (24,406 ft) high. Additionally, the Tian Shan includes the Turpan Depression, reaching 154 meters (505 ft) below sea level.

West Siberian Plain: The West Siberian Plain is a vast plain in Siberia, spanning from the Ural Mountains to the Yenisei River and the Altai Mountains. It is characterized by its extensive swamps and floodplains. The region is home to major cities such as Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Surgut, and Nizhnevartovsk.

Alps: The Alps, a mountain range entirely in Europe, span 1,200 km across Monaco, France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria, and Slovenia. They are the highest and most extensive mountains in Europe.

Apennine Mountains: The Apennines are a mountain range in Italy, extending about 1,200 km (750 mi) from northwest to southwest. They join with the Ligurian Alps in the northwest and end at Reggio di Calabria in the southwest. The range also includes the mountains of north Sicily, making it a total distance of 1,500 kilometres (930 mi). The Apennines form an arc enclosing the eastern side of the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Seas.

Balkan Mountains: The Balkan Mountains are a range in Southeastern Europe that start at Vrashka Chuka on the Bulgaria-Serbia border. They stretch for about 560 kilometers, forming a barrier across Bulgaria and reaching the Black Sea at Cape Emine. The highest peak is Botev Peak at 2,376 meters.

Carpathian Mountains: The Carpathian Mountains are a long range of mountains across Central Europe. They stretch for roughly 1,500 km (930 mi), making them the third-longest in Europe. The range spans several countries including Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, and Serbia. The Tatra mountains are the highest range within the Carpathians, reaching peaks over 2,600 m (8,500 ft). The Southern Carpathians in Romania also have impressive peaks, ranging from 2,500 m (8,200 ft) to 2,550 m (8,370 ft).

East European Plain: The East European Plain is an expansive interior plain that stretches eastward from the North European Plain. It includes several plateaus, such as the Volhynian-Podolian Upland and the Central Russian Upland, as well as major river basins like the Dnepr, Oka-Don, and Volga. On its southeastern edge, it borders the Caucasus and Crimean mountain ranges. Together with the North European Plain, it forms the majority of the Great European Plain, covering several countries including Russia, Ukraine, and Romania. The plain spans about 4,000,000 km2 and has an average elevation of 170 m. The highest point, found in the Valdai Hills, reaches 346.9 meters.

Pyrenees: The Pyrenees is a 500 km long mountain range located on the border of France and Spain. It extends from the Cantabrian Mountains to Cap de Creus on the Mediterranean coast, with a peak altitude of 3,404 meters at Aneto.

Scandinavian Mountains: The Scandinavian Mountains, also called the Scandes, is a range that stretches across the Scandinavian Peninsula. They drop dramatically into the North Sea and Norwegian Sea, forming Norway's stunning fjords. The mountains gradually curve towards Finland and serve as the border between Norway and Sweden. Reaching heights of 2,000 meters at the Arctic Circle, they barely touch northwesternmost Finland, appearing as hills near the North Cape.

Ural Mountains: The Ural Mountains, also known as the Urals, are a north-south mountain range in Eurasia, running through Russia and northwestern Kazakhstan. They form a boundary between Europe and Asia and extend into the Arctic Ocean through Vaygach Island and Novaya Zemlya. The average altitudes range from 1,000 to 1,300 meters (3,300-4,300 ft), with the highest peak being Mount Narodnaya at 1,894 meters (6,214 ft).

Great Dividing Range: The Great Dividing Range, also called the East Australian Cordillera or Eastern Highlands, is a vast mountain system in eastern Australia. It consists of multiple mountain ranges, plateaus, and rolling hills that run parallel to the country's east coast. This range is the fifth-longest land-based mountain chain globally, and the longest contained within a single country. It is a significant topographic feature in mainland Australia and acts as the main dividing line for river systems in the eastern part of the country.

Outback: The Outback is a remote and vast region of Australia, with a sparse population. It extends from the northern to southern coastlines, encompassing various climates such as arid, tropical, monsoonal, semi-arid, and temperate.

Southern Alps: The Southern Alps are a mountain range in New Zealand's South Island, with highest peaks on the western side. It extends along much of the island and is made up of several smaller ranges within it.

Uluru: Uluru, also called Ayers Rock, is a massive sandstone formation located in central Australia, specifically in the southern part of the Northern Territory—approximately 335 km (208 mi) southwest of Alice Springs.

Mount Kenya: Mount Kenya is an extinct stratovolcano in Kenya, the second-highest peak in Africa. Its highest peaks are Batian, Nelion, and Point Lenana. Located in former Eastern and Central provinces, it now intersects five counties and is 16.5 km south of the equator. Mount Kenya is the source of the name for the Republic of Kenya.

Mount Kilimanjaro: Mount Kilimanjaro is a dormant volcano in Tanzania's Kilimanjaro Region. Standing at 5,895 meters (19,341 feet) above sea level, it is Africa's highest mountain and the world's highest single free-standing mountain. The volcano has three cones: Kibo, Mawenzi, and Shira, and it holds the title of being the highest volcano in both Africa and the Eastern Hemisphere.

Vinson Massif: Vinson Massif is a large mountain massif in Antarctica located within the Ellsworth Mountains. It is 21 km long, 13 km wide, and overlooks the Ronne Ice Shelf near the Antarctic Peninsula. Discovered in 1958, it was named after Carl G. Vinson, a U.S. congressman known for supporting Antarctic exploration. Mount Vinson and Vinson Massif were declared as separate entities in 2006. It falls within the Chilean claim under the Antarctic Treaty System.

Krakatoa: Krakatoa, or Krakatau, is a volcanic caldera located in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. It consists of four islands, including Lang and Verlaten, which are remnants of a previous volcano, and Rakata, the remnant of a larger island destroyed in the infamous 1883 eruption.

Mount Pinatubo: Mount Pinatubo is an active stratovolcano situated in the Zambales Mountains on Luzon island in the Philippines. It is located on the border of Zambales, Tarlac, and Pampanga provinces in Central Luzon. Prior to the eruption in 1991, its eruptive history remained unknown to most. The volcano was hidden by dense forests, sustaining a population of thousands of indigenous Aetas.

Mount Tai: Mount Tai is a significant mountain in Shandong province, China. It holds historical and cultural importance and is situated north of Tai'an city. The highest point, Jade Emperor Peak, reaches 1,545 meters (5,069 ft) in height.

Mount Everest: Mount Everest is the tallest mountain on Earth, found in the Himalayas along the China-Nepal border. It reaches a height of 8,848.86 m and was last measured in 2020 by Chinese and Nepali authorities.

K2: K2 is the world's second-highest mountain, standing at 8,611 metres (28,251 ft) above sea level. It is located in the Karakoram range, spanning both Pakistan-administered Kashmir and China's Xinjiang region.

Mount Kailash: Mount Kailash is a sacred mountain in Tibet, China. Situated in the Kailash Range of the Transhimalaya and located less than 100 km north of the China-India-Nepal trijunction, it holds religious significance and is part of the Tibetan Plateau.

Mount Fuji: Mount Fuji is an active stratovolcano on the island of Honshū in Japan. It stands at 3,776.24 m tall, making it the highest mountain in Japan and the seventh-highest island peak worldwide. The volcano's last eruption occurred between 1707 and 1708. Located 100 km southwest of Tokyo, Mount Fuji is visible from the capital on clear days. With its symmetrical cone and snow-covered peak for five months each year, it is an iconic symbol of Japanese culture and a popular attraction for tourists, hikers, and climbers.

Mont Blanc: Mont Blanc is the highest mountain in the Alps and Western Europe, standing at 4,805.59m (15,766 ft) and located on the French-Italian border. It is Europe's second-most prominent mountain and the eleventh most prominent in the world.

Mount Elbrus: Mount Elbrus is the tallest mountain in Russia and Europe, located in the Caucasus. It reaches a height of 5,642 m (18,510 ft) above sea level and is a dormant stratovolcano. As the 10th most prominent peak globally, it stands in Southern Russia within the republic of Kabardino-Balkaria.

Mount Etna: Mount Etna, or simply Etna, is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy. It is one of Europe's tallest active volcanoes, reaching a height of 3,357 m (11,014 ft). Etna is located between the cities of Messina and Catania and sits above the convergent plate margin of the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate. In 2021, Etna experienced significant eruptions, causing its height to increase by around 100 ft (30 m). The southeastern crater is now the highest point of the volcano.

Mount Olympus: Mount Olympus, the tallest mountain in Greece, is located near the Thermaic Gulf of the Aegean Sea. It is part of the Olympus massif in the Olympus Range, between Thessaly and Macedonia. With 52 peaks and deep gorges, the highest peak, Mytikas, rises to 2,917.727 meters (9,572.60 feet), making it one of the highest peaks in Europe.

Mount Vesuvius: Mount Vesuvius is a stratovolcano situated in Campania, Italy, near Naples. It is part of the Campanian volcanic arc and features a large cone with a collapsed summit caldera.

Mount Pelée: Mount Pelée is an active volcano in Martinique, Lesser Antilles. Its cone is made of layers of ash and lava. The volcano last erupted in 1932.

Denali: Denali is the highest mountain peak in North America, reaching 20,310 feet above sea level. It is also the tallest mountain base-to-peak standing at 18,000 feet and the highest mountain north of 43°N. Located in Alaska's Denali National Park, it has a topographic prominence of 20,194 feet and is the third-most prominent and isolated peak on Earth, after Mount Everest and Aconcagua.

Mount St. Helens: Mount St. Helens is an active stratovolcano in Skamania County, Washington. It is located 52 miles northeast of Portland, Oregon, and 98 miles south of Seattle. The volcano's name, derived from a British diplomat, honors its connection to explorer George Vancouver. Mount St. Helens is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, within the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Mauna Loa: Mauna Loa, located in Hawaii, is the largest active volcano on Earth, both in terms of mass and volume. Although it was once thought to be the largest volcano until the discovery of Tamu Massif, it still holds its impressive stature. This shield volcano has gradual slopes and a volume estimated at 18,000 cubic miles. While slightly smaller than its neighbor Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa's eruptions are notable for their low silica content and high fluidity, making them non-explosive.

Mount Kosciuszko: Mount Kosciuszko, mainland Australia's tallest mountain at 2,228 metres (7,310 ft) above sea level, is situated in Kosciuszko National Park in New South Wales. It is part of the Australian Alps National Parks and Reserves, located west of Crackenback and near Jindabyne. Additionally, it is ranked 35th in terms of topographic isolation.

Puncak Jaya: Puncak Jaya, also known as Carstensz Pyramid, is the highest mountain peak on an island in the world, standing at an elevation of 4,884 m (16,024 ft). It is located in the Sudirman Range within the highlands of Mimika Regency, Central Papua, Indonesia. Puncak Jaya is ranked 5th in terms of topographic isolation.

Aconcagua: Aconcagua is the tallest mountain outside of Asia, located in the Andes in Argentina. It stands at 6,961 meters (22,838 ft) and is the highest peak in the Americas. It is also the highest in the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. Aconcagua is part of the Seven Summits, representing the highest peaks in each continent.

Arabian Desert: The Arabian Desert is a vast desert wilderness in West Asia occupying almost the entire Arabian Peninsula. It stretches from Yemen to the Persian Gulf and Oman to Jordan and Iraq. The desert is the fifth largest in the world, extending from the Sahara Desert. At its center lies Ar-Rub' al-Khali, one of the world's largest continuous bodies of sand.

Atacama Desert: The Atacama Desert is a desert plateau in northern Chile, stretching over a 1,600 km strip of land on the Pacific coast of South America. It covers an area of 105,000 km2, which increases to 128,000 km2 when including the barren lower slopes of the Andes Mountains.

Chihuahuan Desert: The Chihuahuan Desert is a desert region in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States. It covers parts of West Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and the Mexican Plateau. It is bordered by the Sonoran Desert and the Sierra Madre Occidental range. The largest portion is in Mexico, covering Chihuahua and other states. Spanning an area of 501,896 km2, it is the largest desert in North America. The desert has been around for about 8000 years.

Gobi Desert: The Gobi Desert is a cold desert and grassland in northern China and southern Mongolia. It is the sixth largest desert globally, named after the Mongolian word for "waterless regions." The Chinese term Gobi specifically refers to rocky, semi-deserts like the Gobi itself rather than sandy deserts.

Great Victoria Desert: The Great Victoria Desert is a vast and sparsely populated desert in Western Australia and South Australia. It is an ecoregion characterized by its arid conditions and limited human presence.

Kalahari Desert: The Kalahari Desert is a vast semi-arid sandy savanna in Southern Africa, spanning 900,000 square kilometers. It covers portions of Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa.

Karakum Desert: The Karakum Desert is a vast desert in Central Asia covering around 70% of Turkmenistan. It is known for its shale-rich sand and spans approximately 350,000 km2 (140,000 sq mi).

Mojave Desert: The Mojave Desert is a desert in the Southwestern United States, situated in southeastern California, southwestern Nevada, with small portions in Arizona and Utah. It is named after the indigenous Mohave people and is located in the rain shadow of the southern Sierra Nevada mountains and Transverse Ranges.

Sahara: The Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world, covering North Africa. It spans over 9,200,000 square kilometers (3,600,000 sq mi) and is third in size compared to the deserts of Antarctica and the northern Arctic.

Taklamakan Desert: The Taklamakan Desert is a Southwestern Xinjiang desert in Northwest China. It lies within the Tarim Basin and is surrounded by the Kunlun Mountains, Pamir Mountains, Tian Shan range, and Gobi Desert.

Amazon rainforest: The Amazon rainforest, also known as Amazonia, is a vast tropical rainforest covering most of the Amazon basin in South America. It spans 7 million km2, with 5.5 million km2 covered by the rainforest. This region is home to nine nations and 3,344 formally acknowledged indigenous territories.

Sundarbans: The Sundarbans is the largest mangrove forest in the world, located in the delta formed by the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna Rivers. It stretches from the Baleswar River in Bangladesh to the Hooghly River in West Bengal, India. This unique area consists of closed and open mangrove forests, agricultural land, mudflats, and tidal streams. It is home to diverse flora and fauna, including the world's largest area of mangroves. The Sundarbans has four UNESCO World Heritage Sites, protecting its biodiversity and natural wonders.

Virgin Komi Forests: The Virgin Komi Forests is a massive UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Komi Republic, Russia. It covers 32,800 km², making it Europe's largest untouched forest. It is located in the Northern Ural Mountains.

Park: A park is a designated area for humans to enjoy nature and recreational activities, or for the conservation of wildlife and habitats. There are different types of parks including urban parks found in cities, national and country parks in rural areas, and state and provincial parks managed by sub-national government entities. Parks can have various features like grassy areas, trees, buildings, sports fields, paved paths, and water bodies. They provide spaces for activities like sports, walking, biking, and often offer amenities like benches, picnic tables, and barbecue grills.

National park: A national park is a government-protected area used for conservation, containing natural or developed land. It serves to preserve and display wild nature as a symbol of national pride. Typically, national parks are open to visitors.

World Heritage Site: A World Heritage Site is a protected landmark or area recognized by UNESCO for its outstanding cultural, historical, scientific, or other forms of importance. These sites have legal protection and are considered to possess exceptional value to humanity's cultural and natural heritage.

Banc d'Arguin National Park: Banc d'Arguin National Park is located on the west coast of Mauritania, between Nouakchott and Nouadhibou. It is a World Heritage Site known for its abundant birdlife, including flamingos, pelicans, and terns. The park is home to several breeding sites, mainly on sand banks and islands such as Tidra, Niroumi, Nair, Kijji, and Arguim. These surrounding waters are also rich fishing grounds and serve as nesting areas for the entire western region of Africa.

Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area: The Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area is a large conservation area in Southern Africa. It spans five countries and includes the Zambezi and Okavango basins, Caprivi Strip in Namibia, parts of Angola, Zambia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe. Notable features include the confluence of Zambezi and Chobe Rivers, Chobe National Park, Hwange National Park, and the Victoria Falls. With around 250,000 animals, it is home to the largest population of African Elephants in the world.

Ngorongoro Conservation Area: The Ngorongoro Conservation Area is a protected UNESCO World Heritage Site located in northern Tanzania. It is named after the Ngorongoro Crater, a volcanic caldera within the area. Administered by the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, it shares a boundary with the Serengeti National Park and Kenya's Maasai Mara game reserve. The area is famous for the Great Migration, an annual spectacle of millions of wildebeest, zebras, and gazelles. Additionally, it encompasses the Olduvai Gorge, a significant paleoanthropological site.

Serengeti National Park: The Serengeti National Park is a vast park in northern Tanzania covering an area of 14,763 km2. It is situated in the Mara and Simiyu regions and boasts over 1,500,000 hectares of untouched savanna. The park, established in 1940, is renowned for its diverse wildlife and stunning landscapes.

Kaziranga National Park: Kaziranga National Park in Assam, India, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for hosting a significant population of Indian rhinoceroses. The park is home to two-thirds of the world's Indian rhinoceroses, with a population of 2,613 in 2018. It consists of 1,641 adult rhinos, 387 sub-adults, and 385 calves.

Lake District: The Lake District, located in North West England, is a stunning mountainous region and national park. Renowned for its breathtaking landscapes of mountains, lakes, and coastlines, it has inspired famous writers and poets like William Wordsworth, Beatrix Potter, and John Ruskin.

Banff National Park: Banff National Park, Canada's oldest national park, spans 6,641 square kilometers of mountainous terrain in Alberta's Rocky Mountains. It is home to glaciers, ice fields, dense forests, and alpine landscapes. The park shares borders with Yoho National Park and provincial forests to the west, Kootenay National Park to the south, and Kananaskis Country to the southeast. The town of Banff serves as the main commercial center within the park.

Central Park: Central Park is an urban park in Manhattan, New York City. It was the first landscaped park in the US, spanning 843 acres. As the largest and most visited urban park in the country, it attracts around 42 million visitors annually.

Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Great Smoky Mountains National Park is a popular American national park spanning North Carolina and Tennessee. It encompasses the Great Smoky Mountains, part of the Blue Ridge Mountains, and boasts some of the highest peaks in eastern North America. The park is traversed by the famous Appalachian Trail and attracts a massive number of visitors, making it the most visited national park in the United States.

Northeast Greenland National Park: Northeast Greenland National Park is the world's largest national park, covering 972,000 km2 (375,000 sq mi) of the interior and northeastern coast of Greenland. Established in 1974 and expanded in 1988, it is the only national park in Greenland and the northernmost in the world. It is also the 10th largest protected area globally and ranks second in size among second-level subdivisions, surpassed only by Qikiqtaaluk Region in Nunavut, Canada.

Yellowstone National Park: Yellowstone National Park is the first national park in the world, located in the western United States. It spans across Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. Established in 1872, it is known for its wildlife, geothermal features like the Old Faithful geyser, and diverse biomes including the subalpine forest. This park is situated within the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion.

Yosemite National Park: Yosemite National Park is a California-based national park managed by the National Park Service. It covers 759,620 acres in four counties and is bordered by Sierra National Forest and Stanislaus National Forest. Yosemite is renowned for its breathtaking granite cliffs, waterfalls, clear streams, giant sequoia groves, lakes, mountains, meadows, glaciers, and diverse ecosystems. It holds the distinction of being designated a World Heritage Site in 1984 and boasts a sizable wilderness area, making it one of the largest and most pristine habitats in the Sierra Nevada.

Phoenix Islands Protected Area: The Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA) is a massive marine protected area (MPA) located in the Republic of Kiribati. Covering 11.34% of Kiribati's exclusive economic zone, PIPA spans 408,250 km2 (157,630 sq mi), making it one of the largest MPAs and protected areas on Earth. In 2010, it was recognized as the world's largest and deepest UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Royal National Park: The Royal National Park is a protected area situated in Sydney, Australia. It covers the southern part of the city and falls under the Sutherland Shire local government.

Tumucumaque Mountains National Park: The Tumucumaque Mountains National Park is located in the Amazon Rainforest in Amapá and Pará, Brazil. It shares borders with French Guiana and Suriname.

Country: A country is a distinct political entity, which can be a sovereign state or a part of a larger state. It may have independent or unified governance and can be historically sovereign or associated with distinct political, ethnic, or cultural characteristics. Examples include Japan as a sovereign state and England, Scotland, and Wales as components of the United Kingdom.

Canada: Canada is a vast country in North America with ten provinces and three territories, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and into the Arctic Ocean. It is the second-largest country by area and has the world's longest coastline as well as the longest international land border with the United States. Canada is known for its diverse meteorologic and geological regions. Despite its size, it is sparsely populated with 40 million people, mainly concentrated in urban areas south of the 55th parallel. Ottawa is the capital and Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver are its largest metropolitan areas.

Mexico: Mexico, officially known as the United Mexican States, is a North American country bordered by the United States to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the south and west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east. It is also surrounded by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea to the southeast. Mexico covers 1,972,550 km2, making it the 13th-largest country in the world. With a population of around 130 million, it ranks as the 10th-most populous country and holds the highest number of Spanish speakers. Mexico is a federal republic with 31 states and its capital is Mexico City.

United States: The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a large country located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, and several territories. With a population of over 334 million, it is the most populous country in the Americas and the third-most populous in the world. The United States shares borders with Canada and Mexico and has maritime borders with other countries. Its capital is Washington, D.C., and its most populous city is New York City.

Belize: Belize is a country in Central America, bordered by Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, Guatemala, and Honduras. It covers an area of 22,970 square kilometers and has a population of 441,471. The country is known for being the least populated and least densely populated in Central America. It has a high population growth rate of 1.87% per year, and its capital is Belmopan, with Belize City being the largest city. Belize has a history as a British colony, resulting in English being its official language.

Costa Rica: Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a Central American country bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the northeast, Panama to the southeast, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. It has a population of approximately five million people and covers an area of 51,060 km2 (19,710 sq mi). The capital city, San José, is home to about two million people, with a total of 333,980 residents.

El Salvador: El Salvador, officially known as the Republic of El Salvador, is a Central American country bordered by Honduras, Guatemala, and the Pacific Ocean. San Salvador is the capital and largest city. With a population of approximately 6.5 million in 2023, it stands as a key nation in the region.

Guatemala: Guatemala, officially known as the Republic of Guatemala, is a densely populated country in Central America. It shares borders with Mexico, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador, while also being touched by the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Honduras. With a population of approximately 17.6 million people, it is the most populous country in Central America and the 4th most populous in North America. Guatemala functions as a representative democracy, with its capital and largest city, Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción (Guatemala City), serving as the most populous city in Central America.

Honduras: Honduras is a country in Central America, bordered by Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. It is also surrounded by the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Honduras. The capital of Honduras is Tegucigalpa.

Nicaragua: Nicaragua is the largest country in Central America, bordered by Honduras, the Caribbean Sea, Costa Rica, and the Pacific Ocean. Its capital, Managua, is the largest city. With a population of six million, it is a multiethnic nation with mestizo, Indigenous, European, and African heritage. Spanish is the main language, while Indigenous tribes on the Mosquito Coast speak their own languages and English.

Panama: Panama is a transcontinental country in Central America, extending from southern North America to the northern part of South America. It borders Costa Rica and Colombia, with the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Its capital, Panama City, is home to nearly half of its population of over 4 million people.

Argentina: Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is the second-largest country in South America and the eighth-largest in the world. It shares borders with Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil, and Uruguay. Buenos Aires is the capital city and the largest in the country. Argentina is a federal state with 23 provinces and one autonomous city. It also claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, and a part of Antarctica.

Bolivia: Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country in western-central South America. It shares borders with Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, and Peru. The capital is La Paz, housing the government branches, while Sucre is the constitutional capital. The largest city, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, is an industrial hub located in the flat eastern region known as the Llanos Orientales.

Brazil: Brazil is the largest country in South America and Latin America. Its capital is Brasília, and it is known for São Paulo, its most populous city. It is a federation comprised of 26 states and the Federal District. Portuguese is the official language and it is the only country in the Americas with this distinction. Brazil is culturally diverse due to immigration from around the world and is predominantly Roman Catholic.

Chile: Chile, the southernmost country in the world, borders Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. It stretches along a narrow strip of land between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. With an area of 756,102 square kilometers, Chile has a population of 17.5 million. It controls islands in the Pacific and claims a significant portion of Antarctica. Santiago is the capital and Spanish is the national language.

Colombia: Colombia is a country in South America, with some parts in North America. It is bordered by the Caribbean Sea, Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, the Pacific Ocean, and Panama. The capital city is Bogotá. Other important cities include Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla, and Cartagena. Colombia has a population of around 52 million and covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers. Its rich cultural heritage reflects influences from Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and indigenous civilizations. The official language is Spanish, but other languages are recognized regionally.

Ecuador: Ecuador is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia, Peru, and the Pacific Ocean. It includes the Galápagos Islands. The capital is Quito, but the largest city is Guayaquil.

Guyana: Guyana, also known as the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, is a country in northern South America. The name "Guyana" translates to "Land of Many Waters" in the indigenous language. Georgetown is the capital city. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, Venezuela, and Suriname. With an area of 215,000 sq km, it is the third-smallest sovereign state in mainland South America and has a low population density. Guyana boasts diverse natural habitats and is rich in biodiversity.

Paraguay: Paraguay, a landlocked country in South America, is bordered by Argentina, Brazil, and Bolivia. It has a population of around 6.1 million, with Asunción as its capital and largest city.

Peru: Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America, with borders that include Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, and Chile. It stretches from coastal plains in the west, through the Andes mountains, to the Amazon rainforest in the east. With over 32 million people, Lima is its capital and largest city. Peru is known for its incredible biodiversity and is the 19th largest country in the world and the third largest in South America.

Suriname: Suriname is a sovereign state in northern South America with over 90% rainforest cover, making it the country with the highest proportion of forest cover in the world. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, French Guiana, Guyana, and Brazil. Suriname is the smallest country in South America with a population of around 612,985 and an area of approximately 163,820 square kilometers. The capital, Paramaribo, is home to approximately half of the population.

Uruguay: Uruguay, officially known as the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina and Brazil, while being surrounded by the Río de la Plata and the Atlantic Ocean. With an area of about 181,034 square kilometers, it has a population of around 3.4 million people. The capital and largest city, Montevideo, is home to nearly 2 million residents. Uruguay is part of the Southern Cone region and boasts a significant metropolitan area.

Venezuela: Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a South American country with a landmass and islands in the Caribbean Sea. It spans an area of 916,445 km2 and has a population of around 29 million. The capital and largest city is Caracas.

Antigua and Barbuda: Antigua and Barbuda is a Caribbean island nation located in the Leeward Islands, at the meeting point of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

The Bahamas: The Bahamas is an island country located in the West Indies in the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of over 3,000 islands, cays, and islets, making up 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago's land area. The country is situated north of Cuba, southeast of Florida, and east of the Florida Keys. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence. The Bahamas has a population of 88% of the Lucayan Archipelago's total population. It has a vast territory encompassing 470,000 km2 (180,000 sq mi) of ocean space.

Barbados: Barbados is an island country in the Caribbean, situated in the Lesser Antilles. It is the most easterly of all the Caribbean islands and is located at the intersection of the South American and Caribbean Plates. The capital and largest city of Barbados is Bridgetown.

Cuba: Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country located where the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean meet. It comprises the main island of Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, and numerous surrounding islands and cays. The capital city is Havana, while other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. With an area of 109,884 km2 (42,426 sq mi), Cuba is the second-most populous country in the Caribbean, home to over 11 million people.

Dominica: Dominica is an island country in the Caribbean, part of the Windward Islands chain. Its capital is Roseau. Dominica is surrounded by the overseas departments of France: Guadeloupe to the northwest and Martinique to the south-southeast. It covers a land area of 750 km2 and has a population of 71,293 people. The highest point is Morne Diablotins at 1,447 m.

Dominican Republic: The Dominican Republic is a country in the Caribbean Sea, sharing the island of Hispaniola with Haiti. It is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area and population. Its capital city is Santo Domingo, which is home to around 3.6 million people.

Grenada: Grenada is a Caribbean island nation located south of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. It is part of the Windward Islands and sits about 100 miles north of Trinidad and mainland South America.

Haiti: Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a Caribbean country on the island of Hispaniola, sharing it with the Dominican Republic. It is the third largest country in the Caribbean and has a population of 11.4 million. Its capital is Port-au-Prince.

Jamaica: Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean Sea, the third largest in the Greater Antilles. It spans 10,990 square kilometers and is located south of Cuba and west of Hispaniola. The Cayman Islands are found to the northwest.

Saint Kitts and Nevis: Saint Kitts and Nevis is an island country in the West Indies, consisting of two islands in the Leeward Islands chain. It is the smallest sovereign state in the Western Hemisphere, both in terms of area and population. With 50,000 inhabitants, it covers 261 square kilometers and is the world's smallest sovereign federation. As a Commonwealth realm, it is headed by King Charles III.

Saint Lucia: Saint Lucia is a constitutional monarchy and island country in the West Indies. It was formerly known as Iouanalao and Hewanorra by the native Arawaks and Caribs, respectively. Situated in the eastern Caribbean, it is part of the Windward Islands. Saint Lucia has a land area of 617 km2 inhabited by over 180,000 people as of 2018. The capital and largest city is Castries.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is an island nation in the eastern Caribbean, part of the Windward Islands. Situated at the southern end of the Caribbean Sea, it meets the Atlantic Ocean.

Trinidad and Tobago: Trinidad and Tobago is a southern Caribbean island country, consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago, along with smaller islands. It is located 11 km off the coast of Venezuela and 130 km south of Grenada. The country shares maritime boundaries with Barbados, Grenada, and Venezuela. Trinidad and Tobago is considered part of the West Indies and has Port of Spain as its capital, with San Fernando being the largest and most populous city.

Comoros: The Comoros is an archipelagic country in Southeastern Africa, consisting of three islands. It is located in the Indian Ocean and its capital is Moroni. The majority of the population follows Sunni Islam, which is also the official state religion. Comoros gained independence from France in 1975 and is the only country in the Arab world entirely in the Southern Hemisphere. It is a member of various international organizations and has three official languages: Shikomori, French, and Arabic.

Djibouti: Djibouti is a country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and the Red Sea. It has an area of 23,200 km2 (8,958 sq mi).

Eritrea: Eritrea, officially known as the State of Eritrea, is a country in Eastern Africa. It is located in the Horn of Africa region, with its capital city being Asmara. The nation shares borders with Ethiopia, Sudan, and Djibouti. Eritrea boasts a significant coastline along the Red Sea in its northeastern and eastern regions. It spans an area of about 117,600 sq km and includes islands such as the Dahlak Archipelago and the Hanish Islands.

Ethiopia: Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in East Africa, bordered by Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan, and Sudan. It spans 1.1 million square kilometers and has a population of about 128 million, making it the second most populous country in Africa. The capital city is Addis Ababa, located in the western part of the country. Ethiopia is known for its strategic location in the Horn of Africa and its diverse landscapes, including the East African Rift Valley.

Kenya: Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is an East African country with a population of over 47.6 million. It is the 28th most populous in the world and 7th in Africa. The capital and largest city is Nairobi, while Mombasa serves as a major port city. Mombasa was the capital during British colonial rule. Important cities include Kisumu and Nakuru. Kenya is bordered by South Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda, Tanzania, and the Indian Ocean. Its geography and climate vary greatly, with diverse landscapes from snow-capped mountains and forests to fertile agricultural regions and arid deserts.

Madagascar: Madagascar is a large island country off the southeastern coast of Africa. It is the world's fourth largest island and the 44th largest country overall. Its capital and biggest city is Antananarivo.

Malawi: Malawi, officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa. It shares borders with Zambia, Tanzania, and Mozambique. Covering an area of 118,484 km2 (45,747 sq mi), Malawi has a population of approximately 19.4 million. The capital city is Lilongwe, while Blantyre, Mzuzu, and the former capital, Zomba, are other major urban centers.

Mauritius: Mauritius is an island country located in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa. It is composed of the main island, Rodrigues, Agaléga, and St. Brandon. The capital city, Port Louis, is situated on the main island, which has the highest population. Together with Réunion, the islands form the Mascarene Islands. The country covers an area of 2,040 square kilometres, with an exclusive economic zone of 2,300,000 square kilometres.

Mozambique: Mozambique is a country in southeastern Africa, bordered by the Indian Ocean, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Eswatini, and South Africa. It is separated from Comoros, Mayotte, and Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel. The capital is Maputo.

Seychelles: Seychelles is an archipelagic state in the Indian Ocean, composed of 115 islands located east of mainland Africa. Victoria, its capital and largest city, is 1,500 kilometers away from the mainland. In its vicinity, there are neighboring island countries such as Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, and French overseas departments. To the east lie Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago. Seychelles holds the distinction of being the smallest and least populated country in Africa, with an estimated population of 100,600 in 2022.

Somalia: Somalia is a country in the Horn of Africa with a population of 17.1 million. It has the longest coastline on Africa's mainland and is bordered by Ethiopia, Djibouti, the Gulf of Aden, the Indian Ocean, and Kenya. The terrain is mainly plateaus, plains, and highlands, with a hot climate and irregular rainfall. Mogadishu is the capital and largest city, home to over 2 million people. The country is known for its cultural homogeneity, with around 85% of residents being ethnic Somalis. The official languages are Somali and Arabic, and the majority of people practice Sunni Islam.

South Sudan: South Sudan, officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in eastern Central Africa. It shares borders with Ethiopia, Sudan, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, and Kenya. With a population estimated at 11,088,796 in 2023, its capital and largest city is Juba.

Tanzania: Tanzania is a country in East Africa known for its location within the African Great Lakes region. It shares borders with Uganda, Kenya, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's tallest mountain, is found in northeastern Tanzania. With a population of approximately 62 million, Tanzania is the most populous country south of the equator.

Uganda: Uganda, a landlocked country in East Africa, is bordered by Kenya, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Tanzania. It lies within the Nile basin and is part of the African Great Lakes region. The country has a varied equatorial climate and is home to a significant portion of Lake Victoria. With a population of around 49.6 million, the capital city of Uganda is Kampala, where 8.5 million people reside.

Zambia: Zambia is a landlocked country in South-Central Africa, bordered by several nations including the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. Its capital is Lusaka, and the population is concentrated in the south around Lusaka and the Copperbelt Province.

Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, bordered by South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, and Mozambique. Its capital is Harare, and the largest city is Bulawayo.

Benin: Benin, formerly Dahomey, is a small West African country. It shares borders with Togo, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, and Niger. The majority of its population lives along the southern coastline of the Bight of Benin. Porto-Novo is the capital city, while Cotonou serves as the most populous city and economic center. With an area of 114,763 square kilometers, Benin has a population of around 13 million people. The country's economy heavily relies on agriculture, particularly palm oil and cotton exports. Additionally, subsistence farming provides some employment and income.

Burkina Faso: Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa, bordered by Mali, Niger, Benin, Togo, Ghana, and Ivory Coast. With an estimated population of 20,321,378, its capital is Ouagadougou. Formerly known as the Republic of Upper Volta, it was renamed Burkina Faso by President Thomas Sankara. The country covers an area of 274,223 km² and is often translated as the "Land of Honest Men."

Cape Verde: Cape Verde, or Cabo Verde, is an island nation in West Africa, located in the central Atlantic Ocean. It consists of ten volcanic islands with a total land area of about 4,033 square kilometers. The islands are situated between 600 and 850 kilometers west of mainland Africa's westernmost point. Cape Verde is part of the Macaronesia ecoregion, which includes the Azores, the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Savage Isles.

The Gambia: The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is the smallest country in Africa located in West Africa. It is surrounded by Senegal, except for its western coast along the Atlantic Ocean. The country is defined by the Gambia River, which runs through its center and empties into the ocean. With a population of 2,468,569 people, its capital city is Banjul, while Serekunda and Brikama are other major cities. The Gambia covers an area of 11,300 square kilometers (4,400 sq mi).

Ghana: Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a West African country. It shares borders with Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, and Togo. Ghana covers an area of 239,567 km2 (92,497 sq mi) and has diverse landscapes including savannas and rainforests. It has a population of over 32 million, making it the second-most populous country in West Africa. The capital is Accra, with other major cities being Kumasi, Tamale, and Sekondi-Takoradi.

Guinea: Guinea, officially known as the Republic of Guinea, is a coastal country in West Africa. It shares borders with Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Mali, Cote d'Ivoire, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. The country is often called Guinea-Conakry after its capital city, Conakry. With a population of 14 million, Guinea covers an area of 245,857 sq km (94,926 sq mi).

Guinea-Bissau: Guinea-Bissau is a West African country with an area of 36,125 square kilometres and a population of around 2 million. It shares borders with Senegal to the north and Guinea to the southeast.

Ivory Coast: Ivory Coast, officially known as the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a West African country with Yamoussoukro as its capital and Abidjan as its largest city and economic center. It shares borders with Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, and the Gulf of Guinea. French is the official language, while various indigenous languages are also spoken. The country is linguistically diverse, with around 78 different languages used. Ivory Coast has a religiously diverse population that includes Islam, Christianity, and traditional faiths like Animism.

Liberia: Liberia is a West African country with a population of around 5 million and covers an area of 43,000 square miles. It shares borders with Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Ivory Coast, while the Atlantic Ocean surrounds it. The official language is English, but the country's diversity is reflected in its use of over 20 indigenous languages. Monrovia serves as both the capital and largest city.

Mali: Mali is a landlocked country in West Africa, bordering Algeria, Niger, Mauritania, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, and Senegal. It covers an area of 1.2 million square kilometers and has a population of 21.9 million. The country's capital is Bamako. Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa and has 13 official languages, with Bambara being the most widely spoken.

Mauritania: Mauritania is a country in Northwest Africa, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, Western Sahara, Algeria, Mali, and Senegal. It is the 11th-largest country in Africa, with 90% of its territory situated in the Sahara desert. Its population of approximately 4.3 million mostly resides in the southern region, with one-third concentrated in the capital city of Nouakchott on the Atlantic coast.

Niger: Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa, bordering Libya, Chad, Nigeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Algeria. Covering a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2, it is the largest landlocked country in West Africa, with over 80% of its land lying in the Sahara. With a predominantly Muslim population of about 25 million, most live in the south and west of the country. The capital city, Niamey, is located in the southwest corner of Niger.

Nigeria: Nigeria is a federal republic in West Africa, bordered by Niger, Chad, Cameroon, and Benin. It covers an area of 923,769 square kilometres, with a population of over 230 million, making it the most populous country in Africa and the sixth-most populous in the world. Its capital is Abuja, and the largest city is Lagos, which is one of the world's largest metropolitan areas.

Senegal: Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is a West African country with coastlines along the Atlantic Ocean. It shares borders with Mauritania, Mali, Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau, and almost surrounds The Gambia. Cape Verde is its maritime neighbor. The capital of Senegal is Dakar, which is both its economic and political center.

Sierra Leone: Sierra Leone is a country in West Africa, bordered by Liberia and Guinea. Its total area is 71,740 km2 with a population of 7,092,113. The capital and largest city is Freetown. The country has a tropical climate with diverse environments and is divided into five administrative regions and 16 districts.

Togo: Togo, officially the Togolese Republic, is a small, tropical country in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana, Benin, and Burkina Faso. Despite being one of the least developed countries, it extends to the Gulf of Guinea and has a population of around 8 million. Its capital, Lomé, is located on the coast. Togo covers 57,000 square kilometers with a narrow width of less than 115 km between Ghana and Benin.

Algeria: Algeria is a North African country, bordering Tunisia, Libya, Niger, Mali, Mauritania, Western Sahara, Morocco, and the Mediterranean Sea. It is part of the Maghreb region and has a semi-arid geography. The country is the tenth largest in the world and the largest in Africa. The population of 44 million makes it the tenth-most populous country in Africa, with Algiers as its capital and largest city.

Egypt: Egypt, officially called the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning Africa and Asia. It is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea, Palestine and Israel, the Red Sea, Sudan, and Libya. Egypt's capital is Cairo, while Alexandria is a major city on the Mediterranean coast. With a population of about 100 million people, Egypt is the 14th most populous country globally and the third most in Africa after Nigeria and Ethiopia.

Libya: Libya is a North African country that shares borders with several nations, including Egypt and Algeria. It encompasses three historical regions and has a land area of about 1.8 million square kilometers. The majority of Libyans adhere to Islam, and Arabic is the official language. The capital city, Tripoli, is home to a significant portion of the country's population.

Morocco: Morocco is a country in North Africa, sharing borders with Algeria and Western Sahara. It has a coastline along the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Morocco also claims Spanish enclaves and small islands. The country spans an area of around 446,550 km2 and has a population of about 37 million. Islam is the main religion, and Arabic and Berber are the official languages. Moroccan culture is a blend of Arab, Berber, African, and European influences. Rabat is the capital, and Casablanca is the largest city.

Sudan: Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It shares borders with several countries, including Central African Republic, Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Libya, and South Sudan. With a population of around 45.7 million people, Sudan covers 1.88 million square kilometers, making it the third-largest country in Africa and the Arab League. Previously the largest in both regions until South Sudan separated in 2011. Khartoum serves as the capital city, while Omdurman is the most populous city in Sudan.

Tunisia: Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa and part of the Maghreb region. It borders Algeria, Libya, and the Mediterranean Sea. Tunisia is known for its ancient archaeological sites like Carthage and the Great Mosque of Kairouan, as well as its vibrant souks and blue coasts. The country spans 163,610 km2 and has a population of 12.1 million. It boasts a diverse landscape with the Atlas Mountains, Sahara desert, and fertile arable land. Tunisia's capital and largest city is Tunis, located on the northeastern coast.

Botswana: Botswana is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, known for its flat terrain and the Kalahari Desert. It shares borders with South Africa, Namibia, and Zimbabwe, and is connected to Zambia by the Kazungula Bridge, which boasts the world's shortest border between two countries. The official name of the country is the Republic of Botswana.

Eswatini: Eswatini, formerly known as Swaziland, is a small landlocked country in Southern Africa. It shares borders with Mozambique and South Africa. Despite its small size, Eswatini offers diverse climates and landscapes, from cool mountains to hot and dry lowlands.

Lesotho: Lesotho, or the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa and the only sovereign enclave outside of the Italian Peninsula. It shares a border with South Africa and is situated in the Maloti Mountains, home to Southern Africa's highest peak. With over 30,000 km2 of area, it has a population of around 2 million people. Maseru serves as its capital and largest city.

Namibia: Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a Southern African country with the Atlantic Ocean to its west. It shares borders with Zambia, Angola, Botswana, and South Africa. Although no direct border with Zimbabwe, the two countries are separated by less than 200 meters of the Zambezi River. The capital and largest city of Namibia is Windhoek.

South Africa: South Africa, the southernmost country in Africa, is bordered by Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Eswatini. It also completely surrounds Lesotho. It has a diverse range of plant and animal life and is known for being a biodiversity hotspot. With a population of over 62 million people, it is the 23rd-most populous nation in the world. The country covers an area of 1,221,037 square kilometers. Pretoria is the administrative capital, Cape Town is the legislative capital, and Bloemfontein is the judicial capital. Johannesburg is the largest city and the location of the highest court.

Angola: Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is the seventh-largest country in Africa and the second-largest Portuguese-speaking country. It is located on the west-central coast of Southern Africa and shares borders with Namibia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia. Angola also has an exclave province called Cabinda. The capital and largest city is Luanda.

Burundi: Burundi is a landlocked country in East Africa, situated in the Great Rift Valley. It is bordered by Rwanda, Tanzania, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Lake Tanganyika lies along its southwestern border. The capital cities are Gitega and Bujumbura, the largest city in the country.

Cameroon: Cameroon is a country in Central Africa bordered by Nigeria, Chad, the Central African Republic, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo. It has a strategic location between West and Central Africa. The country has a population of nearly 27 million people who speak 250 native languages, in addition to English and French, the national languages. The coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra and the Gulf of Guinea.

Central African Republic: The Central African Republic (CAR) is a landlocked country in Central Africa, bordered by Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, and Cameroon. Its capital and largest city is Bangui. CAR covers an area of about 620,000 square kilometres and has an estimated population of 5.5 million. Currently, CAR is experiencing a civil war that began in 2012 and is ongoing as of 2024.

Chad: Chad is a landlocked country in North and Central Africa, bordered by Libya, Sudan, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Nigeria, and Niger. It has a population of 16 million, with N'Djamena as the capital and largest city.

Democratic Republic of the Congo: The Democratic Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo-Kinshasa or DRC, is a country in Central Africa. It is the second-largest country in Africa and the 11th-largest in the world. With a population of around 112 million, it is the most populous officially Francophone country. Its capital and largest city is Kinshasa. The DRC shares borders with multiple countries and is also bordered by the South Atlantic Ocean.

Republic of the Congo: The Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo-Brazzaville, is a country in Central Africa, bordered by Gabon, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Atlantic Ocean.

Equatorial Guinea: Equatorial Guinea, a country in central Africa, was once a Spanish colony. It is located near the Equator and is part of the African region called Guinea. With a population of 1,468,777, majority of the people belong to the Fang ethnic group. The Bubi people, indigenous to Bioko island, form the second largest group. The country covers an area of 28,000 square kilometers.

Gabon: Gabon, officially known as the Gabonese Republic, is a country in Central Africa, bordered by Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, and the Gulf of Guinea. It has an area of 270,000 square kilometres and a population of 2.3 million. Gabon boasts diverse landscapes, including coastal plains, mountains, and a savanna in the east. The capital city of Gabon is Libreville, which is also the largest city.

Rwanda: Rwanda, a landlocked country in Central Africa, is known as the "land of a thousand hills" due to its mountainous terrain. It is surrounded by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. With a temperate to subtropical climate, Rwanda experiences two wet and two dry seasons annually. The country is renowned for its numerous lakes and is part of the African Great Lakes region. Despite its small size, Rwanda is the most densely populated mainland African country and is ranked fifth globally. Kigali serves as both the capital and largest city of Rwanda.

São Tomé and Príncipe: São Tomé and Príncipe is an island country located in the Gulf of Guinea, off the coast of Central Africa. It is officially known as the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe.

China: China, or the People's Republic of China, is an East Asian country with a population of over 1.4 billion, making it the world's second-most populous country. It spans the equivalent of five time zones and shares land borders with fourteen other countries. With an area of 9.6 million square kilometers, it is the third-largest country by land area. China is divided into provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities, and special administrative regions. Beijing serves as the national capital, while Shanghai is the largest city and a major financial hub.

Japan: Japan is an island country in East Asia, located in the northwest Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Ring of Fire and consists of a 14,125 island archipelago. The five main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa. Tokyo is the capital and largest city, followed by Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Kobe, and Kyoto.

Mongolia: Mongolia is a sparsely populated, landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It is known for being the world's largest landlocked country without a closed sea. Its vast territory of 1,564,116 square kilometers is covered with grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to about half of the country's population of 3.3 million.

North Korea: North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is a country in East Asia located on the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. It borders China and Russia to the north and South Korea to the south. The western border is the Yellow Sea, while the eastern border is the Sea of Japan. North Korea claims to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. Pyongyang is the capital and largest city.

South Korea: South Korea, formally known as the Republic of Korea (ROK), is an East Asian country situated in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. It shares a border with North Korea through the Korean Demilitarized Zone and is bounded by the Yellow Sea to the west and the Sea of Japan to the east. South Korea claims authority over the entire peninsula and neighboring islands. With a population of 51.96 million, it boasts the Seoul Capital Area, one of the world's most densely populated metropolitan regions. Noteworthy cities include Incheon, Busan, and Daegu.

Brunei: Brunei, formally Brunei Darussalam, is a Southeast Asian country on the island of Borneo. It is surrounded by Sarawak, Malaysia, except for its coastline on the South China Sea. With a population of 460,345, it is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo. The capital, Bandar Seri Begawan, is home to approximately 100,000 people. Brunei follows an absolute monarchy governed by the Sultan, and its legal system is a mixture of English common law and sharia influenced by Islam.

Cambodia: Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a mainland Southeast Asian country with an area of 181,035 square kilometers. It is bordered by Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and the Gulf of Thailand. The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh.

East Timor: East Timor, or Timor-Leste, is a Southeast Asian country comprising the eastern half of Timor island, with Indonesia administering the western half. It includes the exclave of Oecusse and the minor islands of Atauro and Jaco. Australia is its southern neighbor, separated by the Timor Sea. With a size of 14,874 square kilometers, Dili serves as its capital and largest city.

Indonesia: Indonesia is a Southeast Asian and Oceanic country consisting of over 17,000 islands. It is the world's largest island country, covering an area of 1,904,569 square kilometres. With a population of over 279 million people, it is the world's fourth-most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority nation. Java, the most populous island, is home to over half of Indonesia's population.

Laos: Laos, officially known as the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia. It shares borders with Myanmar, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand. Vientiane serves as its capital and largest city.

Malaysia: Malaysia is a Southeast Asian country, consisting of 13 states and three federal territories. It is divided into two regions: Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo's East Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city. Putrajaya serves as the administrative center. With a population of over 33 million, Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy. It shares borders and maritime boundaries with Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia, Brunei, and the Philippines. Malaysia is known for its tropical climate and rich biodiversity, being one of the 17 megadiverse countries. Tanjung Piai in Johor is the southernmost point of continental Eurasia.

Myanmar: Myanmar, also known as Burma, is the largest country in Mainland Southeast Asia with a population of approximately 55 million. It is bordered by Bangladesh, India, China, Laos, and Thailand, and has access to the Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal. The capital city is Naypyidaw, and the largest city is Yangon.

Philippines: The Philippines is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia, consisting of 7,641 islands in the western Pacific Ocean. It is bounded by the South China Sea, the Philippine Sea, and the Celebes Sea. It shares maritime borders with several countries. The Philippines is known for its diverse ethnicities and cultures, and Manila is its capital and most populated city.

Singapore: Singapore is an island country in Southeast Asia, located near the equator. It borders the Strait of Malacca to the west, the Singapore Strait to the south, and the South China Sea to the east. The country has one main island and several satellite islands, with a total area that has increased by 25% due to land reclamation. Singapore has a high population density but also offers green spaces. It is multicultural, with four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil. The country values multi-racialism and incorporates it into various national policies.

Thailand: Thailand, also known as the Kingdom of Thailand or Siam, is a country in Southeast Asia on the Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of nearly 70 million people, it covers an area of 513,120 square kilometers. Thailand shares borders with Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, and maritime borders with Vietnam, Indonesia, and India. Bangkok serves as the capital and largest city of Thailand.

Vietnam: Vietnam, officially known as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country in Southeast Asia. It has a land area of 331,700 square kilometers and a population of over 100 million, making it the 15th most populous country in the world. Vietnam shares borders with China, Laos, and Cambodia, and has maritime borders with Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City.

Armenia: Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in West Asia, bordered by Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran, and Nakhchivan. Yerevan is its capital and largest city.

Azerbaijan: Azerbaijan is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia. It is part of the South Caucasus region and bordered by Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Turkey, and Iran. The capital and largest city is Baku.

Bahrain: Bahrain is an island country in West Asia, located in the Persian Gulf. It consists of 50 natural and 33 artificial islands, with Bahrain Island being the largest. Connected to Saudi Arabia by the King Fahd Causeway, Bahrain has a population of 1,501,635 people, of which 712,362 are Bahraini nationals. With a landmass of 760 square kilometers, it is the third-smallest nation in Asia. The capital and largest city is Manama.

Cyprus: Cyprus is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, part of West Asia but culturally Southeast European. It is the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean. Its capital is Nicosia. Northern Cyprus is governed by the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

Georgia (country): Georgia is a transcontinental country located in Eastern Europe and West Asia. It is in the Caucasus region, bordered by the Black Sea, Russia, Turkey, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. It covers an area of 69,700 square kilometers and has a population of 3.7 million people. Tbilisi is the capital and largest city, hosting about one-third of the Georgian population.

Iran: Iran, also known as Persia, is a West Asian country bordered by Iraq, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Gulf of Oman, and the Persian Gulf. With an area of 1.648 million square kilometers, it is the world's 17th-largest country. Iran has a population of around 90 million, making it the world's 17th most populous country. Tehran is its capital and largest city, with approximately 16 million people in its metropolitan area.

Iraq: Iraq, officially known as the Republic of Iraq, is an Arab-majority country in the Middle East, with a population of over 46 million. It is a federal parliamentary republic comprising 18 governorates. Iraq is bordered by Turkey, Iran, the Persian Gulf, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Syria. The capital city is Baghdad. The country is known for its diverse population, geography, and wildlife. Most Iraqis are Muslims, but minority religions like Christianity, Yazidism, Mandaeism, Yarsanism, and Zoroastrianism exist. Arabic and Kurdish are the official languages, while Turkish, Suret (Assyrian), and Armenian are also recognized in specific regions.

Israel: Israel is a country in West Asia, bordered by Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, the Red Sea, Egypt, and the Mediterranean Sea. Its financial hub is Tel Aviv and its seat of government is in Jerusalem, although international recognition of Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem is lacking.

Jordan: Jordan is a West Asian country located in the Levant region, bordered by Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, the Palestinian West Bank, and Israel. It has a coastline on the Red Sea and the Dead Sea on its western border. The capital and largest city is Amman, which serves as the economic, political, and cultural center of the country.

Kuwait: Kuwait is a Middle Eastern country located on the northern edge of Eastern Arabia, at the tip of the Persian Gulf. It shares borders with Iraq and Saudi Arabia, and has maritime borders with Iran. The capital city is Kuwait City, where the majority of the population resides. As of 2022, the population is 4.45 million, with 1.45 million being Kuwaiti citizens and 3 million foreign nationals from over 100 countries. Kuwait has a coastal length of approximately 500 km (311 mi).

Lebanon: Lebanon, officially known as the Republic of Lebanon, is a West Asian country situated at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterlands. Its diverse cultural identity is shaped by religious diversity. With a population of over five million, the country covers an area of 10,452 square kilometers. Beirut serves as the capital and largest city, while Tripoli and Jounieh are other major cities. While Arabic is the official language, French is also recognized, and English is widely spoken. The country's strategic location and rich history contribute to its significance in the region.

Oman: Oman is a West Asian country located on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It shares land borders with Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen, and maritime borders with Iran and Pakistan. The capital is Muscat and it has a population of nearly 4.7 million. The coast is bounded by the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. Oman also includes two exclaves, Madha and Musandam, surrounded by United Arab Emirates.

Qatar: Qatar, officially known as the State of Qatar, is a West Asian country situated on the Qatar Peninsula in the Middle East. It borders Saudi Arabia to the south and is surrounded by the Persian Gulf. The capital city is Doha, which is home to the majority of the population. Qatar is predominantly desert and features a flat and low-lying landscape.

Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia, officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia, covering most of the Arabian Peninsula. It is the largest nation in the Middle East and the fifth largest in Asia, with a land area of 2,150,000 km². It shares borders with Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait to the north, the Red Sea to the west, the Persian Gulf, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast, and Yemen to the south. Bahrain, an island country, lies off its east coast. Saudi Arabia is the exclusive country with coastlines along both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. Its landscape primarily consists of arid deserts, lowlands, steppe, and mountains. Riyadh, its capital and largest city, is home to important Islamic sites including Mecca and Medina.

Syria: Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a West Asian country with diverse ethnic and religious groups. Its geography includes fertile plains, high mountains, and deserts. The country is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea, Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, and Israel and Lebanon. Syria is a unitary republic with 14 subdivisions and its largest city is Damascus. The majority of Syrians are Arabs, and the largest religion is Sunni Islam. Syria is governed by Ba'athists, who promote Arab socialism and nationalism.

Turkey: Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country located in Southeast Europe and West Asia. It occupies the Anatolian Peninsula in West Asia and has a small portion known as East Thrace on the Balkan Peninsula. Turkey shares borders with several countries including Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Greece, and Bulgaria. The country is surrounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas to the south, and Cyprus off its south coast. Turkish and Kurds are the main ethnic groups, with Ankara as the capital and Istanbul as the largest city and economic hub in Europe.

United Arab Emirates: The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a country in West Asia on the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It shares borders with Oman and Saudi Arabia, and has maritime borders with Qatar and Iran. Abu Dhabi is the capital, while Dubai is a bustling international city.

Yemen: Yemen is a West Asian country located at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It shares borders with Saudi Arabia and Oman, as well as maritime borders with Eritrea, Djibouti, and Somalia. With an area of 530,000 square kilometers and a 2,000-kilometer coastline, Yemen is the second-largest Arab sovereign state in the region. Sanaa serves as its capital and largest city. The country has an estimated population of 34.7 million as of 2023. Yemen is a member of the Arab League, the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.

Afghanistan: Afghanistan, a landlocked country in Central and South Asia, is known as the Heart of Asia and is bordered by Pakistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and China. With a predominantly mountainous terrain, it is home to plains in the north and southwest, divided by the Hindu Kush mountain range. Kabul is both its largest city and capital. As of 2021, the population stands at around 40.2 million, as per World Population review, while the National Statistics Information Authority approximated it to be 32.9 million in 2020.

Bangladesh: Bangladesh is a densely populated country in South Asia, sharing borders with India and Myanmar. It has a population of nearly 170 million in an area of 148,460 square kilometers. The capital and largest city is Dhaka, known for being a political, financial, and cultural center. The country has a busy port in Chittagong and a coastline along the Bay of Bengal. Bengali is the official language of Bangladesh.

Bhutan: Bhutan, officially known as the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in the Eastern Himalayas, situated between China and India. It is a mountainous country also referred to as "Druk Yul" or "Land of the Thunder Dragon". Bhutan gets its name from its close proximity to Tibet. Despite being near Nepal and Bangladesh, it does not share a border with them. With a population of over 727,145 and a territory of 38,394 square kilometres, Bhutan is a constitutional monarchy with a king as the head of state and a prime minister leading the government. Vajrayana Buddhism is the state religion, with the Je Khenpo as its head.

India: India, officially the Republic of India, is a populous South Asian country, known for being the world's most populous democracy. It is the seventh-largest country, sharing borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Surrounded by the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, and Bay of Bengal, India is also close to Sri Lanka and the Maldives. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands form maritime borders with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.

Maldives: The Maldives, officially the Republic of Maldives, is an archipelagic state in South Asia. The name "Maldives" means "the islands of Male" and it may also mean "garland of islands." It is located in the Indian Ocean, southwest of Sri Lanka and India. The country consists of 26 atolls stretching across the equator, with the capital city of Male on the main island. With its stunning islands and crystal-clear waters, the Maldives is a popular tourist destination.

Nepal: Nepal is a landlocked country in South Asia, bordered by China and India. It has diverse geography, including fertile plains and the Himalayas. The nation is known for having eight of the world's tallest mountains, including Mount Everest. Kathmandu is the capital and largest city. Nepal is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious, and multi-cultural state, with Nepali as the official language.

Pakistan: Pakistan is a densely populated country in South Asia, with a large Muslim population. Its capital is Islamabad, and Karachi serves as its biggest city and financial hub. Pakistan is the world's fifth-most populous country and the second largest in South Asia. It shares borders with India, Afghanistan, Iran, and China, while also having a maritime border with Oman. The country is geographically diverse, bordered by the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman.

Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka, formerly Ceylon, is an island nation located in South Asia. It is separated from the Indian peninsula by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait, and shares maritime borders with the Maldives and India.

Kazakhstan: Kazakhstan is a landlocked country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, with a coastline along the Caspian Sea. Its capital is Astana, while the largest city is Almaty. It is the world's ninth-largest country by land area and has a population of 20 million. Kazakhstan has a diverse population with ethnic Kazakhs as the majority and ethnic Russians as a significant minority. The country is officially secular and has a Muslim-majority, with a sizable Christian community.

Kyrgyzstan: Kyrgyzstan, officially known as the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek. It is bordered by Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and China. With a population of 6.7 million, it is the 34th-most populous country in Asia and the 4th-most populous in Central Asia. The majority of the population is ethnic Kyrgyz, with significant minorities of Uzbeks and Russians. The country is located in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges.

Tajikistan: Tajikistan is a Central Asian country, bordered by Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and China. It has a land area of 142,326 km2 and a population of about 9.75 million people. The capital and largest city is Dushanbe. The ethnic majority is Tajiks, speaking a language closely related to Persian. Tajikistan's dialect is similar to Farsi and Dari of Iran and Afghanistan.

Turkmenistan: Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Iran, and the Caspian Sea. Ashgabat is the capital and largest city. With a population of 6.5 million, it is one of the six independent Turkic states and ranked as the 35th most-populous country in Asia. It has the lowest population among Central Asian republics and is one of the most sparsely populated nations in Asia.

Uzbekistan: Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a Central Asian country. It is doubly landlocked, surrounded by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan. As part of the Turkic world, it is a member of the Organization of Turkic States. Uzbek is the primary language, with Russian widely spoken. The majority religion is Islam, specifically Sunni Islam.

Albania: Albania is a country in Southeast Europe, sharing borders with Montenegro, Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Greece. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas and displays diverse landscapes including mountains, lowland plains, and coastlines. The country's capital is Tirana, with other major cities being Durrës, Vlorë, and Shkodër.

Belarus: Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It shares borders with Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia. With an area of 207,600 square kilometres and a population of 9.2 million, it is the 13th-largest country in Europe. Belarus has a hemiboreal climate and is divided into six regions. Minsk is the capital and largest city.

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnia and Herzegovina, a country in Southeast Europe, shares borders with Serbia, Montenegro, and Croatia. It has a 20 km coast on the Adriatic Sea. The country's climate varies from continental with hot summers and cold winters to a Mediterranean climate in the southern region. Sarajevo is the capital and largest city.

Bulgaria: Bulgaria is a country in Southeast Europe, bordered by Greece, Turkey, Serbia, North Macedonia, and Romania. It covers 110,994 square kilometers and is the 16th largest country in Europe. Sofia is the capital and largest city, with other major cities being Burgas, Plovdiv, and Varna.

Croatia: Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a country in Central and Southeast Europe. It has a coastline along the Adriatic Sea and shares borders with Slovenia, Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. The capital city is Zagreb, and other important cities include Split, Rijeka, and Osijek. In terms of geography, Croatia covers an area of 56,594 square kilometers. It has a population of approximately 3.9 million people.

Czech Republic: The Czech Republic, also called Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders Austria, Germany, Poland, and Slovakia. It has a hilly landscape with a temperate climate. The capital is Prague, and other major cities include Brno, Ostrava, Plzeň, and Liberec.

Hungary: Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Austria. It spans 93,030 square kilometres and has a population of 9.7 million. The official language is Hungarian, and Budapest is the capital and largest city. The majority of the population is ethnic Hungarian, with a significant Romani minority.

Kosovo: Kosovo is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe adjacent to Serbia, North Macedonia, Albania, and Montenegro. It has partial diplomatic recognition and is known for its vast plains, the Accursed and Šar Mountains, and its capital city, Pristina.

Moldova: Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It covers an area of 33,483 km2 and has a population of around 2.5 million. Moldova is bordered by Romania and Ukraine. Transnistria, a breakaway state, is situated on its eastern border. Moldova is a unitary parliamentary representative democratic republic with its capital in Chișinău, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial center.

Montenegro: Montenegro is a Southeast European country bordered by Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Albania, Croatia, and the Adriatic Sea. Its capital and largest city is Podgorica. Covering 10.4% of the country's territory, it has a population of around 621,000. Cetinje, the former royal capital, is a cultural hub with national institutions and the President's official residence.

North Macedonia: North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe that shares borders with Kosovo, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Albania. Skopje is the capital and largest city, housing a quarter of the country's population of 1.83 million. The majority of the residents are ethnic Macedonians, while Albanians comprise a significant minority. Other ethnic groups include Turks, Roma, Serbs, Bosniaks, Aromanians, and a few other minorities.

Poland: Poland, officially known as the Republic of Poland, is a Central European country. It is made up of 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships and covers an area of 312,700 km2 (120,700 sq mi). With a population of over 38 million, Poland is the fifth most populous member state in the European Union. The country's capital and largest city is Warsaw, while other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, and Gdańsk.

Romania: Romania is a European country located in Central and Southeast Europe. It shares borders with Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Moldova. The country has a continental climate and covers an area of about 238,400 square kilometres. With a population of around 19 million people, Romania is the twelfth-largest country in Europe and the sixth-most populous member of the EU. Bucharest is its capital, followed by Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Timișoara, Constanța, Craiova, Brașov, and Galați.

Russia: Russia, also known as the Russian Federation, is the world's largest country by area. It spans both Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, extending across eleven time zones. Russia shares land borders with fourteen countries and holds the title of Europe's most populous nation. Moscow serves as the capital and largest city, while Saint Petersburg is a prominent cultural center. Notable urban areas in Russia include Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Chelyabinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kazan, Krasnodar, and Rostov-on-Don.

Serbia: Serbia is a landlocked country in Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain. It shares borders with Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. Serbia claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo. It has a population of about 6.6 million, excluding Kosovo, and its capital, Belgrade, is the largest city.

Slovakia: Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders Poland, Ukraine, Hungary, Austria, and the Czech Republic. With a population of over 5.4 million, it spans about 49,000 square kilometres. Bratislava is the capital and largest city, while Košice is the second largest.

Slovenia: Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a small country in southern Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy, Austria, Hungary, and Croatia, with a short coastline in the Adriatic Sea. The country is mainly mountainous and covered in forests, with a total area of 20,271 square kilometres and a population of 2.1 million. The majority of its residents are Slovenes, and the official language is Slovene. Slovenia has a diverse climate, with a mix of temperate continental, sub-mediterranean, and alpine climates. The capital city, Ljubljana, is located near the country's center.

Ukraine: Ukraine is a large country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia, Belarus, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Moldova. It has a coastline along the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. Kyiv is its capital and largest city, followed by Kharkiv, Dnipro, and Odesa. The official language is Ukrainian, but Russian is widely spoken in the east and south.

Andorra: Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, is a landlocked country in the eastern Pyrenees. It is bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south. Andorra was created by Charlemagne and later ruled by the count of Urgell before being transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell. The present principality was formed in 1278 and is currently headed by two co-princes: the bishop of Urgell and the president of France. The capital and largest city is Andorra la Vella.

Austria: Austria, a landlocked country in Central Europe, is a federation of nine federal states. Its capital city, Vienna, is the most populous and serves as a federal state. Surrounded by Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 (32,386 sq mi) with a population of around 9 million.

Belgium: Belgium is a country in Northwestern Europe, bordered by the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, France, and the North Sea. It has an area of 30,689 km2 and a population of over 11.5 million. Belgium is known for being densely populated, ranking 22nd worldwide and 6th in Europe. Brussels is the capital and largest city, along with other major cities such as Antwerp, Ghent, and Bruges. Belgium is historically part of the Low Countries and is known for its rich cultural heritage.

France: France is a country in Western Europe with territories in the Americas and oceans. It borders Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Andorra, Spain, and the UK. Its metropolitan area spans from the Rhine to the Atlantic and the Mediterranean to the English Channel. It has overseas territories in South America, the North Atlantic, the West Indies, Oceania, and the Indian Ocean. France has 18 integral regions, covering a total area of 643,801 km2, with a population of over 68 million. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic, with Paris as its capital and major cities like Marseille, Lyon, and Toulouse.

Germany: Germany is a populous country in Central Europe, bordered by various countries. It is the second-most populous country in Europe and a member state of the European Union. Germany has 16 constituent states, with a total population of over 84 million. It is known for its location between the Baltic and North Sea in the north and the Alps in the south. The capital city is Berlin, the main financial center is Frankfurt, and the largest urban area is the Ruhr.

Republic of Ireland: The Republic of Ireland is a country in north-western Europe, consisting of 26 out of the 32 counties of Ireland. Dublin is the capital and largest city. The country shares a land border with Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean. It has a population of 5.15 million, with 2.1 million residing in the Greater Dublin Area. The government is a unitary parliamentary republic, with the Oireachtas as the legislature and a President serving as the head of state. The Taoiseach is the head of government, appointed by the President.

Liechtenstein: Liechtenstein is a small German-speaking microstate in the Alps, squeezed between Austria and Switzerland. Despite its tiny size, Liechtenstein is internationally recognized as the sixth smallest nation. It operates as a semi-constitutional monarchy, led by the ruling prince of Liechtenstein.

Luxembourg: Luxembourg, a small landlocked country in Western Europe, is known for being one of the four institutional seats of the European Union. It shares its borders with Belgium, Germany, and France. The capital city, Luxembourg, hosts several EU institutions, including the Court of Justice of the European Union. The country's language and culture are influenced by its French and German neighbors, with Luxembourgish being the national language. French is used for legislation and all three languages are used for administrative matters.

Monaco: Monaco is a sovereign city-state and microstate located in Western Europe on the French Riviera. It borders France and is known for being one of the wealthiest places in the world. The principality has a population of 38,682 people, with a majority being Monégasque nationals. The official language is French, but many residents also speak Monégasque, English, and Italian.

Netherlands: The Netherlands, also known as Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe with territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and consists of twelve provinces. It shares borders with Germany and Belgium and has a North Sea coastline. The official language is Dutch, with West Frisian as a secondary official language in one province. The Netherlands has overseas territories and shares maritime borders with the United Kingdom, Germany, and Belgium.

Switzerland: Switzerland is a landlocked country in Europe, bordered by Italy, France, Germany, Austria, and Liechtenstein. It is geographically divided into the Swiss Plateau, the Alps, and the Jura. The Alps dominate the landscape, while most of the population resides in cities like Zürich, Geneva, and Basel on the Swiss Plateau.

United Kingdom: The United Kingdom (UK) or Britain is a country in Northwestern Europe. It consists of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The UK includes the island of Great Britain, part of Ireland, and other smaller islands. It shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean and other seas. The UK covers an area of 94,060 square miles (243,610 km2) and has a population of around 67 million people (2022 estimate).

Denmark: Denmark, a Nordic country in Northern Europe, is the most populous part of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is located south-west of Sweden, south of Norway, and shares a short border with Germany. Denmark includes the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland in the North Atlantic Ocean.

Estonia: Estonia is a country in Europe, located by the Baltic Sea. It shares borders with Finland, Latvia, and Russia. The country is made up of a mainland, two large islands, and numerous smaller islands. It covers an area of 45,339 square kilometers. Tallinn and Tartu are major cities in Estonia. The official and indigenous language is Estonian, widely spoken in the country and the second-most spoken Finnic language in the world.

Finland: Finland is a Nordic country in Northern Europe that shares borders with Sweden, Norway, and Russia. It has a population of 5.6 million, predominantly ethnic Finns. The official languages are Finnish and Swedish. The capital and largest city is Helsinki. Finland has a varied climate, ranging from humid continental in the south to boreal in the north. The country is covered with boreal forest biome and boasts over 180,000 lakes.

Iceland: Iceland is a Nordic island nation located between the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. It is culturally and politically connected to Europe. Reykjavík, its capital, is home to about 36% of the population. With approximately 380,000 residents, it is Europe's least densely populated country. Icelandic is the official language.

Latvia: Latvia, a country in Northern Europe, is one of the three Baltic states. It shares borders with Russia and Belarus and has a maritime border with Sweden. With an area of 64,589 km2 and a population of 1.9 million, Latvia has a temperate climate. Riga is the capital and largest city. Latvians speak Latvian, a surviving Baltic language, and form the ethnic majority. Russians make up a significant minority, accounting for almost a quarter of the population.

Lithuania: Lithuania is a country in the Baltic region of Europe, bordered by Latvia, Belarus, Poland, and Russia. It has a population of 2.86 million and covers an area of 65,300 km2. Vilnius is its capital and largest city. Lithuanians speak Lithuanian, one of the few living Baltic languages.

Norway: Norway is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, located on the Scandinavian Peninsula. It includes the remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen, the archipelago of Svalbard, and claims territories in Antarctica. The capital and largest city is Oslo.

Sweden: Sweden, known officially as the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It shares borders with Norway and Finland, while also being connected to Denmark via the Öresund bridge-tunnel.

Greece: Greece, officially known as the Hellenic Republic, is a Southeast European country situated in the southern region of the Balkan peninsula. It shares borders with Albania, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Turkey. With an extensive coastline, Greece boasts the longest stretch in the Mediterranean Basin, featuring numerous islands. The nation has a population of approximately 10.5 million and is home to major cities like Athens, the capital, as well as Thessaloniki and Patras.

Italy: Italy, officially known as the Italian Republic, is a country located in Southern and Western Europe. It is a peninsula surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea and has land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, Vatican City, and San Marino. Italy has a diverse geography, including an exclave in Switzerland and an archipelago in Africa. With an area of 301,340 km2 and a population of around 60 million, it is the tenth-largest country in Europe and the third-most populous member state of the European Union. Rome serves as the capital and largest city of Italy.

Malta: Malta is a Southern European island country situated in the Mediterranean Sea. It is an archipelago located between Italy and Libya, with its capital being Valletta. The official languages spoken are Maltese and English.

Portugal: Portugal, officially known as the Portuguese Republic, is a country in Southwestern Europe. It is located on the Iberian Peninsula and includes the Azores and Madeira islands. The country has the westernmost point in continental Europe and shares its borders with Spain. Lisbon is the capital city and a major tourist destination, along with Porto and Algarve. The mainland features the largest region, Alentejo, with low population density.

San Marino: San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino, is a European microstate enclosed by Italy. It is the fifth-smallest country globally, covering only 61 km2. Situated northeast of the Apennine Mountains, it has a population of around 33,660 as of 2022.

Spain: Spain, located in Southwestern Europe, is the largest country in Southern Europe and a member of the European Union. Its territory spans across the Iberian Peninsula and includes the Canary Islands, Balearic Islands, and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla. Bordered by France, Andorra, the Mediterranean Sea, Gibraltar, Portugal, and the Atlantic Ocean, Spain's capital is Madrid with other major urban areas including Barcelona, Valencia, and Seville.

Vatican City: Vatican City is an independent country and enclave within Rome, Italy. It gained independence in 1929 and is owned and governed by the Holy See. With an area of 49 hectares and a population of around 764, it is the world's smallest state. The Pope, as the head of the Catholic Church, rules Vatican City, and the highest state officials are Catholic clergy. The Vatican is synonymous with the Holy See and serves as the residence of the popes.

Australia: Australia, officially called the Commonwealth of Australia, is a large country in Oceania. It is the world's sixth-largest nation, encompassing the mainland, Tasmania, and several smaller islands. Australia is known for its diverse landscapes and climates, including deserts, rainforests, savannas, and mountains. It is the oldest, flattest, and driest inhabited landmass, with unproductive soils. This megadiverse country offers a variety of environments and is home to unique flora and fauna.

Fiji: Fiji, officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country located in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It consists of over 330 islands with about 110 inhabited and more than 500 islets. With a total land area of around 18,300 square kilometers, the most distant island group is Ono-i-Lau. Viti Levu and Vanua Levu are the two main islands where about 87% of the population resides. The majority of Fijians live along the coasts of Viti Levu, particularly in the capital city of Suva and other urban centers like Nadi and Lautoka. The inland areas of Viti Levu have low population density due to challenging terrain.

Papua New Guinea: Papua New Guinea is an island country in Oceania, located in Melanesia. It shares a border with Indonesia and is near Australia and the Solomon Islands. The capital is Port Moresby. With an area of 462,840 km2 (178,700 sq mi), it is the third largest island country globally.

Solomon Islands: The Solomon Islands is a country in Oceania, northeast of Australia. It consists of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands. It shares borders with Papua New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Fiji, Wallis and Futuna, Tuvalu, Nauru, and the Federated States of Micronesia. The country has a total area of 30,407 square kilometers and a population of 734,887. Its capital is Honiara, located on the largest island, Guadalcanal. The Solomon Islands take their name from a collection of Melanesian islands, which also includes the Autonomous Region of Bougainville but excludes the Santa Cruz Islands.

Vanuatu: Vanuatu is an island country in Melanesia, located in the South Pacific Ocean. It is an archipelago of volcanic origin, situated 1,750 km east of northern Australia and 540 km northeast of New Caledonia. The country is surrounded by the Solomon Islands to the southeast and Fiji to the west.

Federated States of Micronesia: Micronesia is an island country in the western Pacific, northeast of Indonesia. It is made up of four states, Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae, which together consist of around 607 islands. The country is located just north of the equator and lies south of Guam and the Marianas. It is 2,700 km long and is positioned west of Nauru and the Marshall Islands. Micronesia is also located east of Palau and the Philippines, around 2,900 km north of eastern Australia, and 3,400 km southeast of Japan.

Kiribati: Kiribati, officially the Republic of Kiribati, is an island country in Micronesia, located in the central Pacific Ocean. With a population of over 119,000, most of the people reside on the Tarawa atoll. Kiribati consists of 32 atolls and one remote raised coral island, Banaba. The country has a total land area of 811 km2 dispersed over 3,441,810 km2 of ocean.

Marshall Islands: The Marshall Islands is an island country in the Pacific Ocean, consisting of 29 coral atolls and five islands. It is located west of the International Date Line and north of the equator. The country is divided into two island chains: Ratak in the east and Ralik in the west. With 97.87% of its territory being water, it has the highest proportion of water to land among sovereign states. The Marshall Islands shares maritime boundaries with Wake Island, Kiribati, Nauru, and the Federated States of Micronesia. Majuro is the capital and largest city, housing about half of the country's population.

Nauru: Nauru, officially the Republic of Nauru, is a small island country and microstate in Micronesia, part of Oceania in the Central Pacific. Formerly known as Pleasant Island, Nauru is the third-smallest country in the world, with an area of only 21 km2. It is larger than Vatican City and Monaco but smaller than most other nations. With a population of about 10,800, Nauru is also one of the world's smallest countries in terms of population. It is located northwest of Tuvalu and northeast of the Solomon Islands, with its nearest neighbor being Banaba of Kiribati. Nauru is recognized as the smallest republic and island nation globally.

Palau: Palau, officially known as the Republic of Palau, is an island country in Oceania. It comprises around 340 islands, connecting the western chain of the Caroline Islands with parts of the Federated States of Micronesia. With a total area of 466 square kilometers (180 sq mi), it is one of the smallest countries globally. The most populous island is Koror, housing the capital city, Ngerulmud, located on the larger island of Babeldaob in Melekeok State. Palau shares maritime boundaries with international waters to the north, the Federated States of Micronesia to the east, Indonesia to the south, and the Philippines to the northwest.

New Zealand: New Zealand, an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, consists of two main landmasses—the North Island and the South Island—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island country by area and is situated east of Australia across the Tasman Sea. The country's diverse topography and stunning mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, are a result of tectonic uplift and volcanic activity. Wellington serves as the capital city of New Zealand, and Auckland is its most populous city.

Samoa: Samoa, formerly Western Samoa, is a Polynesian island country located 64 km west of American Samoa. It consists of two main islands, two smaller inhabited islands, and several uninhabited islands. The capital and largest city is Apia. The Samoan Islands were settled by the Lapita people around 3,500 years ago, leading to the development of the Samoan language and cultural identity.

Tonga: Tonga, officially known as the Kingdom of Tonga, is an island nation in Polynesia, part of Oceania. It consists of 171 islands, with 45 of them inhabited, covering a total surface area of 750 km2 (290 sq mi) across 700,000 km2 (270,000 sq mi) in the Pacific Ocean. With a population of 104,494, the majority of Tongans live on the main island of Tongatapu. It is bordered by Fiji and Wallis and Futuna to the northwest, Samoa to the northeast, New Caledonia and Vanuatu to the west, Niue to the east, and Kermadec to the southwest, while being about 1,800 km (1,100 mi) away from New Zealand's North Island. Tonga is also a member of The Commonwealth.

Tuvalu: Tuvalu, also known as the Ellice Islands, is a small island country in the Pacific Ocean, located between Hawaii and Australia. It is situated in the Polynesian subregion of Oceania and is surrounded by several other Pacific Island countries.

Abkhazia: Abkhazia is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, located on the Black Sea coast. It spans 8,665 square kilometres and has a population of around 245,000. Sukhumi serves as its capital and largest city.

Cook Islands: The Cook Islands is a self-governing island country in the South Pacific Ocean, associated with New Zealand. It consists of 15 islands with a land area of 236.7 square kilometres. The Cook Islands have a vast Exclusive Economic Zone covering 1,960,027 square kilometres of ocean.

Nagorno-Karabakh: Nagorno-Karabakh is a mountainous region in southeastern Azerbaijan, situated between Lower Karabakh and Syunik. It comprises mostly mountains and forests.

Niue: Niue is a self-governing island country in the South Pacific Ocean, associated with New Zealand. It is part of Polynesia and predominantly inhabited by Polynesians. Known as "The Rock," it derives its name from its traditional moniker, "Rock of Polynesia."

Northern Cyprus: Northern Cyprus, officially known as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, is a de facto state located in the northeastern part of Cyprus. It is recognized solely by Turkey and is considered by the international community to be a part of the Republic of Cyprus.

State of Palestine: Palestine, officially known as the State of Palestine, is a state in West Asia governed by the Palestine Liberation Organization. It claims the West Bank and Gaza Strip as its territory, which have been occupied by Israel since 1967. The West Bank has partial Palestinian rule, while Israeli settlements and control dominate the region. The Gaza Strip was controlled by Egypt until captured by Israel in 1967. Israel withdrew in 2005, and Hamas seized power after the 2006 elections. Subsequently, the Gaza Strip has been blockaded by Israel and Egypt.

Somaliland: Somaliland is an unrecognized state in the Horn of Africa, regarded as part of Somalia by the international community. It is located on the Gulf of Aden and shares borders with Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Somalia. Somaliland claims an area of 176,120 square kilometers and has a population of approximately 5.7 million. The capital city is Hargeisa. The government sees Somaliland as the successor to British Somaliland, which united with the Trust Territory of Somaliland to form the Somali Republic from 1960 to 1991.

South Ossetia: South Ossetia, also known as the Republic of South Ossetia or the State of Alania, is a landlocked state in the South Caucasus. It has a population of approximately 56,500 people, with the capital city, Tskhinvali, being home to 33,000 residents. Occupying an area of 3,900 sq km, South Ossetia is only partially recognized.

Taiwan: Taiwan, officially known as the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, located in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. It shares borders with the People's Republic of China, Japan, and the Philippines. The ROC controls 168 islands with a combined area of 36,193 square kilometres. Taiwan's main island, also called Formosa, is dominated by mountain ranges in the east and has heavily populated plains in the west. The capital city of Taipei, along with New Taipei City and Keelung, forms the largest metropolitan area in Taiwan. The country has a high population density, with around 23.9 million inhabitants.

Transnistria: Transnistria or Pridnestrovie is an internationally unrecognized state in Moldova, controlling land along the Dniester river and the border with Ukraine. Its capital is Tiraspol. It is recognized by only two other breakaway states. Moldova refers to it as the Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester or Stînga Nistrului. In March 2022, the Council of Europe declared it as being under Russia's military occupation.

Western Sahara: Western Sahara is a disputed territory in northwest Africa. 20% is controlled by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic while Morocco occupies the remaining 80%. Covering 266,000 sq km, it is sparsely populated with just over 500,000 people, mostly in the city of Laayoune. It is known for its desert flatlands.

Holy See: The Holy See, also known as the See of Rome or the Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the Pope as the bishop of Rome. It is the central governing body of the Catholic Church and has sovereignty over the Vatican City. As a sovereign entity, it holds power over the worldwide Catholic Church and is recognized under international law.

Central Africa: Central Africa is a region in Africa made up of various countries, including Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, and São Tomé and Príncipe. It is referred to as Middle Africa by the United Nations. These countries are part of the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), and some also share a common currency called the Central African CFA franc through the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC).

East Africa: East Africa is the eastern subregion of the African continent and is made up of 10-11-(16*) territories, according to the United Nations Statistics Division. It is often referred to as Eastern Africa or East of Africa.

North Africa: North Africa is a region spanning from Western Sahara's Atlantic shores to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast. It constitutes the northern part of Africa, with varying definitions for its exact boundaries.

Southern Africa: Southern Africa is the southernmost region of the African continent. It encompasses various definitions, including those provided by the United Nations, Southern African Development Community, and physical geography.

Sub-Saharan Africa: Sub-Saharan Africa refers to the region in Africa that lies south of the Sahara Desert. It includes Central, East, Southern, and West Africa. This geographical area is not standardized, with the number of countries included ranging from 46 to 48. The African Union recognizes all 55 member states on the continent, grouping them into five standardized regions.

West Africa: West Africa is the westernmost region of Africa, consisting of 16 countries and three overseas territories. It has a population of approximately 419 million people and is one of the fastest-growing regions in Africa.

Puntland: Puntland is an autonomous state in northeastern Somalia, with Garoowe as its capital city. It was declared independent in 1998. Puntland claims territories to the west that were not colonized by Europeans during the Scramble for Africa.

Central Asia: Central Asia is a region in Asia extending from the Caspian Sea and Eastern Europe to Western China and Mongolia. It encompasses Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, which are collectively known as the "-stans" due to their names ending in "-stan," meaning "land of." This region also includes Afghanistan, Iran, and parts of Russia.

Greater Khorasan: Greater Khorasan, in the Iranian Plateau, is a historic eastern region bridging Western and Central Asia.

East Asia: East Asia refers to a region in Asia consisting of China, Mongolia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. It also includes the autonomous regions of Hong Kong and Macau. The economies of these countries are among the world's largest and most prosperous. East Asia shares borders with Siberia and Russian Far East in the north, Southeast Asia in the south, South Asia in the southwest, and Central Asia in the west. The Pacific Ocean lies to the east, while Micronesia is to the southeast.

Middle East: The Middle East refers to a geopolitical region, replacing the term Near East in the 20th century. It includes the Arabian Peninsula, Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq. The term has caused confusion and is seen as Eurocentric. It encompasses most of West Asia, excluding the South Caucasus, and includes all of Egypt and Turkey.

Eastern Arabia: Eastern Arabia refers to a region along the Persian Gulf coast, spanning from Basra in Iraq to Khasab in Oman. It includes modern-day Bahrain, Kuwait, parts of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Qatar, and Oman. This coastal strip was known as "Bahrain" for a thousand years.

Kurdistan: Kurdistan refers to a region in West Asia where Kurds are the majority population and have a strong cultural and national identity. It includes the northwestern Zagros and eastern Taurus mountain ranges.

Levant: The Levant is a historical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia. It represents the land bridge between Africa and Eurasia. In its narrowest sense, it includes Cyprus and a stretch of land bordering the Mediterranean Sea, such as present-day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the Palestinian territories, and parts of Turkey. In its widest sense, it includes all countries along the Eastern Mediterranean shores from Greece to Eastern Libya.

South Asia: South Asia is the southern region of Asia, comprising Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. It borders East Asia, Central Asia, West Asia, and Southeast Asia. The region is defined by the Indian subcontinent and is marked by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Pamir Mountains to the north.

Kashmir: Kashmir is a region in the northernmost part of the Indian subcontinent. Historically, it referred to only the Kashmir Valley. However, today it includes the territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh in India, Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan, and Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract in China.

Punjab: Punjab is a significant geopolitical and cultural region in South Asia, located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. It encompasses areas of modern-day eastern Pakistan and northwestern India. Major cities in Punjab include Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Multan, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Sialkot, Chandigarh, Shimla, Jalandhar, Patiala, Gurugram, and Bahawalpur.

Southeast Asia: Southeast Asia is a region in Asia located south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of mainland Australia. It is bordered by East Asia to the north, South Asia and the Bay of Bengal to the west, Oceania and the Pacific Ocean to the east, and Australia and the Indian Ocean to the south. Maritime Southeast Asia lies partly within the Southern Hemisphere, while mainland Southeast Asia is entirely in the Northern Hemisphere.

Caucasus: The Caucasus, also known as Caucasia, is a region located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. It includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, particularly the Greater Caucasus range, have historically served as a natural boundary between Eastern Europe and West Asia.

Hebei: Hebei is a northern province in China, with a population of over 75 million people. Its capital city is Shijiazhuang. The province is primarily inhabited by Han Chinese and also has small populations of Manchu, Hui, and Mongol ethnicities. The main dialects spoken in Hebei are Jilu Mandarin, Beijing Mandarin, and Jin.

Inner Mongolia: Inner Mongolia, officially known as Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of China. It shares borders with both Mongolia and Russia. Hohhot is its capital city, while Baotou, Chifeng, Tongliao, and Ordos are other major cities within the region.

Fujian: Fujian is a coastal province in southeastern China, bordered by Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong, and the Taiwan Strait. Its capital is Fuzhou, while its largest city is Quanzhou. Notable cities include Xiamen and Zhangzhou. Fujian is geographically and culturally close to Taiwan, with certain islands like Kinmen located just east of Xiamen.

Jiangsu: Jiangsu is a highly developed coastal province in eastern China, known for its strong financial, educational, technological, and tourist industries. The province is the most densely populated and has the highest GDP per capita in the country. It borders Shandong, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Shanghai, and boasts a coastline of over 1,000 kilometers along the Yellow Sea. The Yangtze River flows through its southern region.

Shandong: Shandong: coastal province of China, part of East China region.

Henan: Henan is a landlocked province in central China, known as the birthplace of Han Chinese civilization. With a history spanning over 3,200 years, it was China's cultural, economic, and political center until about 1,000 years ago. The province is often referred to as Zhongyuan or Zhongzhou, meaning "central plain" or "midland."

Hubei: Hubei is a landlocked province in central China, known for its capital Wuhan, which serves as a major transportation hub and the political, cultural, and economic center of the region. The province's name derives from its location to the north of Dongting Lake.

Hunan: Hunan is a landlocked province located in central China, bordered by Hubei, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Chongqing. Its capital and largest city is Changsha, situated along the Xiang River. With a population of over 66 million, it is the 7th most populous province in China and the most populous in Central China. Hunan is the largest province in South-Central China and covers an area of approximately 210,000 km2.

Guangdong: Guangdong, also known as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in southern China. It has a population of over 126 million, making it the most populous province in China and the second-most populous in the world. Guangdong covers an area of about 179,800 square kilometers and is located on the north shore of the South China Sea. Its capital is Guangzhou.

Guangxi: Guangxi is an autonomous region in China's South China, bordered by Vietnam and the Gulf of Tonkin. It became an autonomous region in 1958 after previously being a province. The region's capital is Nanning.

Manchuria: Manchuria refers to a region in Northeast Asia, specifically Northeast China including the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning, as well as parts of the Russian Far East. It was historically the homeland of the Jurchens and later the Manchus. It was under the control of Qing China until parts of it were ceded to the Russian Empire in the 19th century. These ceded areas are known as Outer Manchuria or Russian Manchuria. The region also includes the eastern Inner Mongolian prefectures of Hulunbuir, Hinggan, Tongliao, and Chifeng, collectively known as Northeast China.

Xinjiang: Xinjiang is an autonomous region of China, situated in northwest China at the intersection of Central Asia and East Asia. With an area of 1.6 million square kilometers and a population of 25 million, it is the largest province-level division in China. Xinjiang shares borders with Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. It is defined by its rugged mountain ranges, including Karakoram, Kunlun, and Tian Shan. The region also encompasses the Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract, which are disputed territories claimed by India. Xinjiang is a crucial part of the historic Silk Road.

Sichuan: Sichuan is a province in Southwest China, known for its location in the Sichuan Basin and the Tibetan Plateau. Chengdu serves as its capital city, with a population of 83 million. Sichuan shares borders with many provinces, including Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Tibet Autonomous Region.

Tibet: Tibet is a region in East Asia, known for its vast Tibetan Plateau. It covers about 2.5 million square kilometers and is home to the Tibetan people, along with other ethnic groups. Since 1951, Tibet has been under the administration of the People's Republic of China, divided into the Tibet Autonomous Region and parts of Qinghai and Sichuan provinces. The Republic of China also claims Tibet constitutionally since 1912.

Yunnan: Yunnan is a province in southwestern China, bordering Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, Tibet, Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar. It covers 394,000 km2 (152,000 sq mi) with a population of 48.3 million. The capital city is Kunming. Yunnan is known as the fourth least developed province in China based on disposable income per capita in 2014.

Andhra Pradesh: Andhra Pradesh is a state in southern India with a 162,970 km2 area and a population of 49,577,103. It shares borders with Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, and the Bay of Bengal. It has the second-longest coastline in India at 974 km. It became its present form on 2 June 2014, after the formation of Telangana. Amaravati is the capital, and Visakhapatnam is the largest city. Water disputes and asset division with Telangana remain unresolved. Telugu is the first official language.

Bihar: Bihar is an eastern state in India, known for being the third largest in population and the 12th largest in area. With a significant GDP ranking, Bihar shares borders with Uttar Pradesh, Nepal, West Bengal, and Jharkhand. The state is divided by the Ganges river, which flows from west to east.

Gujarat: Gujarat is a state in western India known for its long coastline and the Kathiawar peninsula. It is the fifth-largest Indian state by area and has a population of 60.4 million. Bordering Rajasthan, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Arabian Sea, and Sindh province of Pakistan, Gujarat's capital is Gandhinagar and its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarati is the state's official language, spoken by the indigenous Gujaratis.

Maharashtra: Maharashtra is a state in western India on the Deccan Plateau, bordered by the Arabian Sea, Karnataka, Goa, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. It is the second-most populous state in India and known for its significant population and geographical location.

Northeast India: Northeast India, also called North Eastern Region (NER), is the easternmost division of India. It consists of eight states known as the "Seven Sisters" (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura) along with Sikkim. Geographically and politically distinct, this region is known for its rich cultural diversity and scenic beauty.

Rajasthan: Rajasthan, in northern India, is the largest state by area and seventh largest by population. It covers 342,239 sq km (10.4% of India's land) and is known for the vast Thar Desert. It shares borders with Pakistan's Punjab and Sindh provinces and is surrounded by five other Indian states. With a geographic location between 23°.3' to 30°.12' North latitude and 69°.30' to 78°.17' East longitude, Rajasthan's southernmost tip lies on the Tropic of Cancer.

Tamil Nadu: Tamil Nadu is India's southernmost state, known for being the home of the Tamil people who speak the enduring Tamil language. It is the tenth largest state in India and has the sixth largest population. The capital and largest city of Tamil Nadu is Chennai.

Uttar Pradesh: Uttar Pradesh, a state in northern India, is the most populous and has a population of over 241 million. It was established in 1950 as a successor to the United Provinces. The state has Lucknow as its capital and is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts. It is known for the Triveni Sangam, where the Ganges and Yamuna rivers meet, and for rivers like Gomti and Saryu. The state has 6.1% forest cover, with 82% of its geographical area being cultivable.

West Bengal: West Bengal is a state in eastern India known for its population of over 91 million people. Situated along the Bay of Bengal, it is the fourth-most populous state in India and the eighth-most populous country subdivision in the world. It shares borders with Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and several Indian states. The state capital is Kolkata, a major city in the region. West Bengal includes diverse geographical features such as the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region, the Ganges delta, and the Sundarbans. The majority of the population is made up of Bengalis, with Bengali Hindus being the dominant group.

Aceh: Aceh is the westernmost province of Indonesia, located on the northern end of Sumatra island. Its capital and largest city is Banda Aceh. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean and the Strait of Malacca, and shares maritime borders with Malaysia, Thailand, the Maldives, the British Indian Ocean Territory, Sri Lanka, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and Myanmar. Aceh has a special autonomous status and is known for practicing Sharia law. It is home to ten indigenous ethnic groups, with the Acehnese people being the largest group, accounting for 70% of the population.

Papua (province): Papua is an Indonesian province located on the northern coast of Western New Guinea and islands in Cenderawasih Bay. It shares borders with Papua New Guinea, the Pacific Ocean, and other Indonesian provinces. After the splitting of regencies in 2022, it now consists of eight regencies and one city, Jayapura. The province possesses abundant natural resources including gold, nickel, and petroleum. Papua, along with other Papuan provinces, enjoys a higher level of autonomy within Indonesia.

Penang: Penang is a Malaysian state situated on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia, along the Malacca Strait. It comprises Penang Island, home to the capital city George Town, and Seberang Perai on the Malay Peninsula. The state is connected by two bridges, the Penang Bridge and the Second Penang Bridge, and shares borders with Kedah to the north and east, as well as Perak to the south.

Balochistan, Pakistan: Balochistan, Pakistan is the country's largest province in terms of land area, despite being the least populated. It is located in the southwestern region, sharing borders with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, and Sindh provinces of Pakistan. It also has international borders with Iran and Afghanistan, while being bound by the Arabian Sea. Balochistan is known for its rough terrain, featuring extensive plateaus and ranges. Notably, it is home to the world's largest deep sea port, the Port of Gwadar, situated along the Arabian Sea.

Sindh: Sindh is a Pakistani province located in the southeast. It is the third-largest by land area and the second-largest by population. It borders Balochistan and Punjab provinces, while sharing borders with Indian states. Sindh's landscape encompasses alluvial plains along the Indus River, the Thar Desert, and the Kirthar Mountains.

Hejaz: Hejaz is a region in western Saudi Arabia, encompassing major cities like Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif, and Baljurashi. It is known as the "Western Province" and bordered by the Red Sea, Jordan, Najd, and the Region of 'Asir. Jeddah is its largest city, followed by Mecca and Medina.

Eastern Europe: Eastern Europe is a diverse subregion of Europe with varying boundaries and connotations. It generally includes countries like Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania. Some definitions may also include the Visegrád group, Baltic states, Balkans, and Caucasus. The Ural Mountains mark its eastern boundary. Eastern Europe is characterized by its geopolitical, cultural, ethnic, and socio-economic diversity.

Western Europe: Western Europe refers to the western region of the European continent, with its extent varying in different contexts.

Vojvodina: Vojvodina is an autonomous province in Serbia, located in Central Europe. It occupies the northernmost part of the country and lies within the Pannonian Basin. Its administrative center is Novi Sad, the second-largest city in Serbia, which is bordered to the south by Belgrade and the Sava and Danube Rivers.

Flanders: Flanders is the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium with diverse definitions related to language, culture, politics, and history. The region's capital is Brussels, though it has its own government. The demonym is Fleming, and Flemish refers to the Dutch dialects spoken in the area. Flanders exercises economic control in the Flemish Region and oversees aspects of Flemish life in Brussels, including culture and education.

Wallonia: Wallonia is the French-speaking region in the southern part of Belgium, covering 55% of its territory but with only a third of its population. It is one of the three regions in Belgium, along with Flanders and Brussels. The Walloon Region and the French Community of Belgium are separate concepts, with the latter including both Wallonia and the bilingual Brussels-Capital Region.

Brittany: Brittany is a historical area in northwest France, once a kingdom and later a duchy, that became part of France in 1532 while retaining some autonomy.

Provence: Provence is a historical province and geographical region in southeastern France. It stretches from the lower Rhône River to the Italian border, with the Mediterranean Sea to the south. It corresponds with the administrative region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and includes Var, Bouches-du-Rhône, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, and parts of Alpes-Maritimes and Vaucluse. Marseille is the largest city and capital of this region.

Bavaria: Bavaria is a state in southeastern Germany, known as the Free State of Bavaria, with an area of 70,550.19 km2 (27,239.58 sq mi). It is the largest German state by land area, encompassing around a fifth of Germany's total land area. Despite being the second most populous state with over 13 million people, it has a lower population density due to its large physical size. Key cities include Munich, Nuremberg, and Augsburg.

Tuscany: Tuscany, in central Italy, is a region with an area of 23,000 sq km and a population of 3.8 million. Its capital is Florence.

Scandinavia: Scandinavia refers to a subregion in Northern Europe, encompassing Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. It has strong historical, cultural, and linguistic bonds between its people. The term may also include the Scandinavian Peninsula and is occasionally used interchangeably with Nordic countries. Iceland and the Faroe Islands are occasionally grouped with Scandinavia due to their linguistic connections with Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. Although Finland differs in this regard, it is sometimes classified as Scandinavian based on its economic and cultural similarities.

Moldavia: Moldavia, a historical region in Central and Eastern Europe, was an independent and later autonomous state from the 14th century to 1859. It encompassed the area between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River, including Bessarabia, Bukovina, Hertsa, and Pokuttya at different times. Moldavia eventually united with Wallachia, forming the foundation of modern Romania.

Transylvania: Transylvania is a historical and cultural region in central Romania, bordered by the Carpathian and Apuseni Mountains. It also includes regions such as Crișana, Maramureș, and occasionally Banat. Transylvania has connections to parts of Western Moldavia and Bukovina. The region's capital is Cluj-Napoca.

Wallachia: Wallachia, also known as Walachia, is a historical region in Romania located north of the Lower Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians. It consists of two main sections, Muntenia and Oltenia, with Dobruja occasionally considered a third section. Wallachia is often referred to as Muntenia, connecting it with the larger traditional section.

Bashkortostan: Bashkortostan, officially known as the Republic of Bashkortostan or Bashkiria, is a Russian republic situated in Eastern Europe. It spans an area of 143,600 square kilometres and has a population of 4 million. It borders Perm Krai, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Tatarstan, and Udmurtia. Ufa serves as its capital and largest city. Bashkortostan is the seventh most populous federal subject in Russia and boasts a rich cultural heritage.

Chechnya: Chechnya is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus, near the Caspian Sea. It shares borders with Georgia, Dagestan, Ingushetia, North Ossetia-Alania, and Stavropol Krai.

Dagestan: Dagestan, a republic of Russia, is located in the North Caucasus region of Eastern Europe. It shares borders with Azerbaijan, Georgia, Chechnya, Kalmykia, and Stavropol Krai. Makhachkala is its capital and largest city, while other important cities include Derbent, Kizlyar, Izberbash, Kaspiysk, and Buynaksk. The republic lies at the southernmost tip of Russia and is situated along the Caspian Sea.

Kaliningrad Oblast: Kaliningrad Oblast is a western Russian region situated on the Baltic Sea. It is surrounded by Poland and Lithuania, facing Sweden to the west. The province's main city is Kaliningrad, formerly known as Königsberg. The region has an ice-free port city called Baltiysk. In terms of population, Kaliningrad Oblast had around 1 million residents in 2021.

Sakha Republic: The Sakha Republic, also known as Yakutia, is the largest republic of Russia in the Russian Far East. It is located along the Arctic Ocean and has a population of one million. Covering over 3,083,523 square kilometers, it is the world's largest country subdivision. The capital and largest city, Yakutsk, is known as the world's coldest major city.

Siberia: Siberia is a vast region in North Asia, stretching from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. It has been part of Russian territory since the conquests of the 16th century. Despite its size, Siberia has a sparse population, making up only one-fifth of Russia's total. The area covers over 13.1 million square kilometers, with Novosibirsk and Omsk as its largest cities.

Tatarstan: Tatarstan, officially the Republic of Tatarstan, is a Russian republic in Eastern Europe. It is part of the Volga Federal District, with Kazan as its capital and largest city. Tatarstan boasts a rich cultural heritage and is known for its significant oil reserves and thriving petrochemical industry.

Andalusia: Andalusia is the southernmost autonomous community in Spain. It is the most populous and second-largest region in the country. It is recognized as a historical nationality and is divided into eight provinces. The capital city is Seville and the seat of the High Court of Justice is in Granada.

Basque Country (autonomous community): The Basque Country is an autonomous community in northern Spain that comprises the provinces of Álava, Biscay, and Gipuzkoa. It is also home to an enclave called Treviño, which belongs to the neighboring autonomous community of Castile and León.

Catalonia: Catalonia is an autonomous community in Spain that holds the status of a nationality according to its Statute of Autonomy.

Galicia (Spain): Galicia is an autonomous community and historic nationality in Spain, situated in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. It comprises the provinces of A Coruña, Lugo, Ourense, and Pontevedra.

England: England is a country in the United Kingdom, located in the North Atlantic. It shares borders with Wales and Scotland, with Ireland across the Irish and Celtic Seas. England is separated from Europe by the North Sea and the English Channel. Covering 62% of Great Britain, it includes over 100 smaller islands like the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.

Scotland: Scotland is part of the UK, located in the northern part of Great Britain with over 790 nearby islands. It shares a 96-mile land border with England and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, and Irish Sea. The population is around 5.4 million, accounting for 8% of the UK's total. Edinburgh serves as the capital, while Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland.

Scottish Highlands: The Scottish Highlands is a historical region of Scotland that diverged culturally from the Lowlands in the Middle Ages. It is known for the replacement of Scottish Gaelic by Lowland Scots language. The area extends north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault, with the exact boundaries being unclear. The Great Glen separates the Grampian Mountains and the Northwest Highlands. The Scottish Gaelic name, A' Ghàidhealtachd, refers to "the place of the Gaels" and encompasses the Highlands and Western Isles.

Wales: Wales, a country within the United Kingdom, is bordered by England, the Irish Sea, the Celtic Sea, and the Bristol Channel. With a population of 3.1 million, it covers 21,218 square kilometres and boasts over 2,700 kilometres of coastline. The mountainous landscape is dominated by peaks like Snowdon. Wales experiences a maritime climate and its capital city is Cardiff.

Northern Ireland: Northern Ireland is part of the UK, located in the northeast of Ireland. It's considered a country, province, or region. With a population of 1,903,175, it makes up around 3% of the UK's population and 27% of the island of Ireland's population. The Northern Ireland Assembly handles devolved policies, while other matters fall under the UK Government. It collaborates with Ireland under the Belfast Agreement, and both governments discuss non-devolved issues through the British–Irish Governmental Conference (BIIG).

Gibraltar: Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory and city in southern Iberian Peninsula, bordered by Spain. This 6.7km2 area is dominated by the Rock of Gibraltar, with a densely populated town area housing primarily 32,688 Gibraltarians.

Caribbean: The Caribbean is a subregion of the Americas, located southeast of the Gulf of Mexico. It includes the Caribbean Sea and its islands, some of which are surrounded by the Caribbean Sea while others border both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean. The region is also home to nearby coastal areas on the mainland.

Central America: Central America is a subregion of the Americas bordering Mexico to the north and Colombia to the south. It consists of seven countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. The region is known for its Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot and experiences frequent seismic activity due to geologic faults and volcanic eruptions.

British Columbia: British Columbia is Canada's westernmost province, bordered by Alberta, the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and the US states of Washington, Idaho, and Montana. It boasts diverse geography, including coastlines, beaches, forests, lakes, deserts, and plains. With a population of over 5.5 million, it's the third most populous province in Canada. The capital is Victoria, while Vancouver is the largest city and forms part of the third-largest metropolitan area in the country.

Alberta: Alberta is a province located in Western Canada, bordered by British Columbia, Saskatchewan, the Northwest Territories, and Montana. It is one of only two landlocked provinces in Canada. Alberta is known for its diverse landscapes, with the eastern part occupied by the Great Plains and the western part bordering the Rocky Mountains. The province experiences a predominantly continental climate with quick temperature changes and occasional Chinook winds in the west. It is one of the three prairie provinces in Canada.

Ontario: Ontario, Canada's southernmost province, is the country's most populous and second-largest in area. It encompasses the nation's capital, Ottawa, and the major city of Toronto, which serves as its provincial capital. With 38.5% of Canada's population, Ontario plays a significant role in the country's demographics.

Quebec: Quebec is the largest province in Canada, with a dense urban population along the St. Lawrence River. It shares borders with Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick, and Nunavut, while also having a border with the United States.

New England: New England is a region in the northeastern US, consisting of six states - Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by New York, New Brunswick, and Quebec. The area is characterized by its proximity to the Gulf of Maine and the Atlantic Ocean. Boston is the largest city and Massachusetts's capital. The Greater Boston metropolitan area is the most populous, including cities like Worcester, Manchester, and Providence.

New York (state): New York, also known as New York State, is a populous state in the Northeastern United States. It shares borders with New England and Canada, and has a population of nearly 19.6 million people. With an area of 54,556 square miles (141,300 km2), it is the 27th largest state in the US.

Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania, officially known as the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It shares borders with Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, New York, and New Jersey. The state also touches Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario.

Southern United States: The Southern United States is a region between the Atlantic Ocean and the Western United States, with the Midwestern and Northeastern United States to the north and the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico to the south. It is known for its distinct culture and geography.

Florida: Florida is a Southeastern state in the US, bordered by the Gulf of Mexico, Alabama, Georgia, the Bahamas, and the Atlantic Ocean. It is unique as it borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. With over 21 million people, it is the third-most populous state and ranks eighth in population density. Spanning 65,758 square miles, it is the 22nd largest state. The Miami metropolitan area is the largest with a population of 6.138 million, while Jacksonville is the most populous city with 949,611 people. Other major population centers include Tampa Bay, Orlando, Cape Coral, and Tallahassee, the state capital.

Texas: Texas is a large state in the South Central region of the United States. It is the second largest in terms of both area and population, with over 30 million residents. Texas borders Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and various Mexican states. Additionally, it has a coastline along the Gulf of Mexico.

Midwestern United States: The Midwestern United States, also known as the American Midwest, is a census region occupying the northern central part of the country. It lies between the Northeastern and Western United States, with Canada to the north and the Southern United States to the south. It was initially called the North Central Region until 1984 by the U.S. Census Bureau.

Illinois: Illinois is a Midwestern state in the USA. It is bordered by the Great Lakes, Mississippi River, and Wabash and Ohio rivers. The largest cities are Chicago and Metro East. Other notable cities include Peoria, Rockford, Springfield, and Champaign-Urbana. Illinois ranks fifth in GDP, sixth in population, and 25th in land area among US states.

Western United States: The Western United States refers to the westernmost states of the U.S. This region shifted as American settlement moved west, initially considering the Appalachian Mountains as the western frontier before eventually including the lands west of the Mississippi River.

Alaska: Alaska is a U.S. state in Northwest North America, bordering Canada to the east and Russia's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug to the west. It is surrounded by the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. Alaska is the world's largest exclave and is known for its unique location and size.

California: California is a populous state in the western US, known for its large population and extensive land area. It is the most populous state in the US, third-largest by area, and has a coastline on the Pacific Ocean. It shares borders with Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, and the Mexican state of Baja California.

Silicon Valley: Silicon Valley is a global hub for technology and innovation, located in Northern California. It encompasses the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area and the Santa Clara Valley. It serves as the center of high-tech business in the region and represents California's thriving tech industry.

Hawaii: Hawaii: island state in the Western U.S., 2,000 miles from mainland in Pacific Ocean. Only U.S. state outside North America, an archipelago, and located in the tropics.

American Samoa: American Samoa is a US unincorporated territory in the South Pacific, located southeast of Samoa. It is the southernmost US territory and one of two south of the Equator.

Guam: Guam, an unincorporated territory of the United States, is located in the Micronesia region of the western Pacific Ocean. It is the westernmost point of the U.S., and Hagåtña serves as its capital. As the largest and southernmost island in Micronesia, Guam is also the largest among the Mariana Islands.

Northern Mariana Islands: The Northern Mariana Islands, officially known as the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), is an unincorporated U.S. territory in the Pacific Ocean. It consists of 14 islands and is part of the Mariana Archipelago. Guam is the southernmost island and a separate U.S. territory. Until 1990, the Northern Mariana Islands were considered a non-self governing territory by the United Nations.

Puerto Rico: Puerto Rico is a Caribbean island and unincorporated territory of the United States. It is located in the northeast Caribbean Sea, between the Dominican Republic and the U.S. Virgin Islands. It has a population of approximately 3.2 million residents, with San Juan as its capital and largest city. Puerto Rico is officially known as the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and it has both Spanish and English as its official languages.

Oceania: Oceania is a region encompassing Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. It spans across the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, with a land area of 9 million square kilometers and a population of 44.4 million. Oceania is the smallest continent in terms of land area and the second least populated, trailing behind Antarctica.

Melanesia: Melanesia is a subregion of Oceania located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It spans from New Guinea in the west to the Fiji Islands in the east, and encompasses the Arafura Sea.

Micronesia: Micronesia is a small island subregion of Oceania, encompassing around 2,000 islands in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. It shares a cultural heritage with Maritime Southeast Asia to the west, Polynesia to the east, and Melanesia to the south. Additionally, Micronesia is part of the broader Austronesian community.

Polynesia: Polynesia is a subregion of Oceania comprising over 1,000 islands in the central and southern Pacific Ocean. The indigenous people, called Polynesians, share language, cultural practices, and traditional beliefs. Their historical tradition involves skilled navigation using stars.

New South Wales: New South Wales is a state on Australia's east coast. It shares borders with Queensland, Victoria, and South Australia. Its capital is Sydney, the country's most populous city. With a population of over 8 million, New South Wales is Australia's most populous state, with the majority residing in the Greater Sydney area. It is also home to the Australian Capital Territory and Jervis Bay Territory, and its coast meets the Coral and Tasman Seas.

Tasmania: Tasmania is an island state located to the south of the Australian mainland, separated by the Bass Strait. It consists of the main island of Tasmania and around 1000 surrounding islands. With a population of 569,825 people, it is Australia's least populous state. Hobart, the state capital, is its largest city and home to around 40 percent of the population. Tasmania is known for being the southernmost point of the country and is recognized as one of the world's 26th-largest islands.

French Guiana: French Guiana is a department of France situated in South America's Guianas region. It borders Suriname to the west and Brazil to the east and south, encompassing a land area of 83,534 km2 (32,253 sq mi) and a population of 295,385.

Latin America: Latin America refers to a region in the Americas where Romance languages are predominantly spoken. Coined in the mid-19th century in France, it includes areas in the Americas once ruled by the Spanish, Portuguese, and French empires.

Patagonia: Patagonia is a region in South America, shared by Argentina and Chile. It is characterized by the majestic Andes Mountains, beautiful lakes, fjords, rainforests, and glaciers in the west, while the east features deserts, tablelands, and steppes. Patagonia is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and various connecting water bodies including the Strait of Magellan, the Beagle Channel, and the Drake Passage to the south.

Southern Cone: The Southern Cone is a geographical and cultural subregion in South America, located mainly south of the Tropic of Capricorn. It encompasses Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, with some considering Brazil's southernmost states as part of it. Paraguay is also sometimes included. The region is bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. It shares a common history and geography, and is known for its social, economic, and political significance.

Minas Gerais: Minas Gerais is a state in Southeastern Brazil, known for its significant population and economic contributions. Its capital, Belo Horizonte, is a major financial center in Latin America. The state has produced the most Brazilian presidents and holds 10.1% of the country's population. It also contributes 8.7% to the Brazilian GDP, making it a crucial economic powerhouse.

City: A city is a large human settlement with no fixed size limit. It can also refer to smaller settlements. In a narrower sense, a city is a densely populated place with defined boundaries where people primarily work in non-agricultural jobs. Cities have housing, transportation, sanitation, utilities, and communication systems. They facilitate interaction between people, government, and businesses, improving the distribution of goods and services.

Capital city: A capital city is the main municipality in a country or subnational division that serves as the government's seat. It typically houses the offices and meeting places of the government and is designated as the capital by law or constitution. In some cases, multiple cities may serve as official capitals or the seat of government may be in a different location.

City block: A city block, also known as a residential or urban block, is a crucial aspect of urban planning and design. Its role is central to organizing and shaping cities.

Downtown: Downtown is a term primarily used in North America to describe the central part of a city, combining its commercial, cultural, historical, political, and geographic aspects. It is often referred to as the central business district and usually has a smaller percentage of a city's employment. Downtowns are often surrounded by lower population densities and incomes compared to suburbs. In some metropolitan areas, downtowns are characterized by tall buildings, cultural institutions, and the convergence of rail and bus lines. The term "city centre" is predominantly used in British English.

Ghetto: A ghetto is a marginalized area in a city where minority groups reside due to various pressures. These areas are often impoverished and exist worldwide, with different names and classifications.

Neighbourhood: A neighbourhood is a localized community within a larger area, with buildings and a sense of community. It is characterized by face-to-face interactions among members. Neighbourhoods are spatial units where social interactions happen and common values are cultivated, youth are socialized, and social control is maintained.

Rural area: A rural area is a geographic region located outside of towns and cities. It has low population density, small settlements, and is often associated with agriculture and forestry. The definition of rural varies across countries for statistical and administrative purposes.

Slum: A slum is a densely populated residential area associated with poverty, typically found in urban or suburban locations with inadequate housing and poor living conditions. Slums lack reliable sanitation, clean water, electricity, law enforcement, and other basic services. The housing units range from shanty houses to poorly constructed or unmaintained buildings.

Suburb: A suburb is a residential area in a metropolitan region with varying population density and house types. Many suburbs serve as job centers and have their own political jurisdiction. However, in some countries like the UK, suburbs are often part of the larger city's administrative boundaries. Suburbs are typically located within commuting distance of a city and can be considered a separate residential community. They are distinct from central city areas and are often compared to neighborhoods in the United States.

Town: A town is a human settlement, larger than a village but smaller than a city. The criteria to distinguish towns from villages and cities vary worldwide.

Urban design: Urban design focuses on the design of buildings and spaces in cities, considering economic, social, and environmental aspects. It involves designing physical features of towns, cities, and regions, from individual streets to entire cities. Urban designers connect architecture, landscape architecture, and urban planning to improve community environments and organize physical space effectively.

Urban planning: Urban planning, also known as city planning or town planning, is a technical and political process that focuses on developing and designing land use and the built environment. It involves considering factors like transportation, communication, sanitation, and environmental protection. Historically, it followed a top-down approach, but it now prioritizes social and environmental well-being. Sustainable development has become a key goal due to the negative impacts of previous planning models. Recently, there has been a greater emphasis on considering the interests and needs of residents, businesses, and communities.

Urbanization: Urbanization is the movement of people from rural to urban areas, resulting in decreased rural population. It involves the formation and growth of towns and cities as more individuals reside and work in central areas.

Village: A village is a small human settlement, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. They can be found in both rural and urban areas, with fixed dwellings that are relatively close to each other. Some villages may be transient, and not scattered widely across the landscape.

Zoning: Zoning is a method used in urban planning where land is divided into zones with specific regulations for new development. These regulations govern the use, density, size, and shape of buildings within each zone. Zoning determines if planning permission can be granted and guides urban growth and development.

Industrial park: An industrial park is a planned area dedicated to industrial development, often seen as a more intensive version of a business or office park. It is characterized by zoning specifically for industries and can include light or heavy manufacturing. These parks are known for their fast construction process, utilizing steel sheds that can be quickly assembled.

Algiers: Algiers is the capital and largest city of Algeria, with a population of around 4.5 million. It is located in the north-central part of the country.

Constantine, Algeria: Constantine, Algeria is the capital of Constantine Province in northeastern Algeria. It was previously known as Cirta during Roman times and was later renamed "Constantina" to pay tribute to Emperor Constantine the Great. Situated approximately 80 kilometers from the Mediterranean coast, Constantine is positioned on the banks of the Rhumel River.

Oran: Oran is a significant coastal city in northwest Algeria, ranking second only to the capital, Algiers. It boasts a high population and holds great commercial, industrial, and cultural importance. Situated 432 km (268 mi) west-southwest of Algiers, the city had a population of 803,329 in 2008. Additionally, its metropolitan area is home to around 1.5 million people, establishing it as the country's second-largest city.

Alexandria: Alexandria is a significant city in Egypt, second largest in size and largest on the Mediterranean coast. It was established in 331 BC by Alexander the Great and quickly flourished as a center of Hellenic civilization, eventually replacing Memphis as Egypt's capital. Known as the "Bride of the Mediterranean," Alexandria is now a popular tourist spot and notable industrial center due to its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez.

Aswan: Aswan is the capital of the Aswan Governorate in Southern Egypt.

Cairo: Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt, with a population of 10 million. It is also part of the Greater Cairo metropolitan area, which is the 12th-largest urban agglomeration in the world, housing over 22.1 million people.

Damietta: Damietta is a port city in Egypt and the capital of the Damietta Governorate. It lies on the Damietta branch of the Nile Delta, 15 kilometers from the Mediterranean Sea. In the past, it was a Catholic bishopric and currently serves as a member of the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities.

Giza: Giza, Egypt's third-largest city, is located on the west bank of the Nile, opposite central Cairo. It is the capital of Giza Governorate and part of the Greater Cairo metropolis. Giza has a population of 4,872,448 and is known for being home to the iconic Giza Plateau, which includes the Great Pyramids, Sphinx, and other ancient structures. Additionally, it is situated near Memphis, the former capital of Egypt during the reign of pharaoh Narmer in 3100 BC.

Luxor: Luxor, the capital of Luxor Governorate in Upper Egypt, is an ancient city with a rich history. It encompasses the site of the Ancient Egyptian city of Thebes and is among the world's oldest inhabited cities. With a population of 1,333,309 and an area of approximately 417 km2, Luxor is renowned for its cultural significance and historical landmarks.

Benghazi: Benghazi, Libya's second-most populous city, is the largest city in Cyrenaica. With an estimated population of 1,207,250 in 2020, it is situated on the Gulf of Sidra and serves as a significant seaport.

Tripoli, Libya: Tripoli, Libya is the capital and largest city of the country, with a population of about 1.183 million people in 2023. It is situated on a rocky land projecting into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a bay, and houses the port of Tripoli. The city serves as the main commercial and manufacturing center of Libya and is home to the University of Tripoli. Additionally, Tripoli is famous for the Bab al-Azizia barracks, which was formerly the residence of Muammar Gaddafi, who ruled the country from there.

Casablanca: Casablanca is a major city in Morocco, serving as the country's economic and business hub. Situated on the Atlantic coast, it is the most populous city in the Maghreb region and the eighth-largest in the Arab world. With a population of over 4.27 million, Casablanca is known for its central-western location and its importance in Morocco's urban area.

Fez, Morocco: Fez, Morocco is a city in northern inland Morocco, and the capital of the Fès-Meknès region. It is the second largest city in Morocco, with a population of 1.11 million. Situated near the Atlas Mountains, Fez is known for its hills and the Fez River. The city has earned the nicknames "Mecca of the West" and "Athens of Africa". Fez is considered the spiritual and cultural capital of Morocco.

Marrakesh: Marrakesh, the fourth largest city in Morocco, is a major cultural center, serving as the capital of the Marrakesh–Safi region. It is situated west of the Atlas Mountains' foothills and is recognized as one of the country's four imperial cities.

Rabat: Rabat is the capital city of Morocco with a population of around 580,000. It is situated on the Atlantic Ocean, at the mouth of the river Bou Regreg, and is adjacent to the city of Salé. Rabat is also the capital of the administrative region of Rabat-Salé-Kénitra.

Khartoum: Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, boasts the largest metropolitan area in the country, with a population of 6,344,348.

Omdurman: Omdurman is a populous city in Sudan, the second largest in the country and situated on the west bank of the River Nile. It is a vital transportation hub due to its location on the river, offering an important linking point for roads.

Tunis: Tunis is Tunisia's capital and largest city with a population of around 2.7 million. It ranks as the third-largest city in the Maghreb and the eleventh-largest in the Arab world.

Luanda: Luanda is the capital and largest city of Angola, serving as its primary port and major industrial, cultural, and urban center. Situated on the northern Atlantic coast, it is the administrative hub, chief seaport, and capital of the Luanda Province. With a metropolitan population of over 8.3 million in 2020, it is the most populous Portuguese-speaking capital city globally, and the most populous Lusophone city outside Brazil.

Douala: Douala is Cameroon's largest city and economic capital, as well as the capital of the Littoral Region. It was home to Central Africa's largest port, now replaced by Kribi port. Douala International Airport is the country's main international airport. The city is a major commercial and economic hub, handling exports of oil, cocoa, coffee, timber, metals, and fruits. With a population of around 5.8 million, Douala sits on the estuary of Wouri River and has a tropical climate.

Yaoundé: Yaoundé is the capital and second-largest city of Cameroon, with a population of over 2.8 million. Located in the Centre Region, it sits at an elevation of approximately 750 meters above sea level.

N'Djamena: N'Djamena is the capital of Chad and the country's largest city. It is also a special statute region, with 10 districts or arrondissements.

Kinshasa: Kinshasa is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was formerly called Léopoldville. It is now a rapidly-growing megacity with a population of 16 million, making it the most densely populated city in the country and the most populous in Africa. Kinshasa is a major economic, political, and cultural center in the DRC and Africa. It is home to various industries, including manufacturing, telecommunications, banking, and entertainment, and hosts significant institutional buildings and federal departments.

Lubumbashi: Lubumbashi is the second-largest city in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, located in the southeastern part near Zambia. It serves as the capital of Haut-Katanga Province and is a major mining center with significant mining companies. The urban area has an estimated population of around 2,584,000 in 2021.

Mbuji-Mayi: Mbuji-Mayi is the capital of Kasai-Oriental Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is considered the second largest city in the country, with an estimated population ranging from 1,480,000 to 3,500,000.

Brazzaville: Brazzaville is the capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo. Located on the north side of the Congo River, it serves as the country's financial and administrative center. It is a department and a commune and is situated across from Kinshasa, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Asmara: Asmara, or Asmera, is the capital and largest city of Eritrea, situated in the country's Central Region. It is the sixth highest capital in the world and the second highest in Africa. Asmara is located on an escarpment at the junction of the Eritrean Highlands and the Great Rift Valley in Ethiopia. It became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2017 due to its well-preserved modernist architecture. The city has a long history, first settled in 800 BC and later founded in the 12th century AD after multiple villages joined together. Asmara was named the capital of Eritrea during Italian rule in the late 19th century.

Kigali: Kigali, the capital of Rwanda, is a dynamic city located in the country's center. Known for its hilly landscape and picturesque valleys, Kigali has emerged as a key economic, cultural, and transportation hub. Established in 1907, it became the capital in 1962, superseding Huye as the focal point of the nation.

Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa is Ethiopia's capital and largest city, with a population of approximately 2.7 million people. This highly developed city serves as a significant cultural, artistic, financial, and administrative hub in Ethiopia, and it is also the capital of the Oromia Region.

Dire Dawa: Dire Dawa is a chartered city in eastern Ethiopia, bordering Oromia and Somali Region. It was previously an autonomous region until it was divided into a separate chartered city in 1993.

Gondar: Gondar (or Gonder) is a city in Ethiopia, situated in the North Gondar Zone of the Amhara Region. It is located north of Lake Tana on the Lesser Angereb River and southwest of the Simien Mountains. Gondar has an estimated population of 487,224 as of 2023.

Mombasa: Mombasa is a coastal city in southeastern Kenya, known as the country's oldest and second-largest city after Nairobi. It was the initial capital of British East Africa and currently serves as the capital of Mombasa County. With a population of approximately 1,208,333 people, it is often referred to as "the white and blue city." Mombasa's metropolitan region, home to 3,528,940 people, is the second-largest in Kenya.

Nairobi: Nairobi is Kenya's capital and largest city, derived from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi, meaning 'place of cool waters'. It is known as The Green City in the Sun and is home to the Nairobi River. With a population of 4,397,073, it is a vibrant and bustling hub.

Antananarivo: Antananarivo, also known as Tana, is the capital and largest city of Madagascar. Situated at 1,280 m (4,199 ft) above sea level, it holds the distinction of being the highest national capital among island countries. The city has long been the country's largest population center and serves as the administrative capital of the Analamanga region. Antananarivo is home to the presidency, National Assembly, Senate, Supreme Court, and numerous diplomatic missions, national and international businesses, and NGOs. It boasts a vibrant cultural scene with numerous universities, art venues, nightclubs, and medical services. Additionally, the city is a hub for sports, hosting various national and local teams, including the championship-winning national rugby team, the Makis.

Lilongwe: Lilongwe is the capital and largest city of Malawi, located in the central region. It has a population of over 1 million people and serves as an economic and transportation hub for central Malawi. Named after the Lilongwe River, it is situated near the borders with Mozambique and Zambia.

Beira, Mozambique: Beira is the capital and largest city of Sofala Province in Mozambique. It is located where the Pungwe River meets the Indian Ocean. With a population of over half a million, it is the fourth-largest city in the country. Beira is known for its important Port, serving as a gateway for landlocked countries like Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi.

Maputo: Maputo is the capital and largest city of Mozambique, located near the southern border. With a population of over 1 million, it is a bustling port city known for its vibrant cultural scene and unique architecture. Maputo's economy thrives on commerce, and it includes the neighboring city of Matola in its metropolitan area. Formerly known as Lourenço Marques until 1976.

Mogadishu: Mogadishu, also known as Xamar or Hamar, is the capital of Somalia and its largest city with a population of around 2.6 million people. It has been a crucial port for trade across the Indian Ocean for thousands of years. Located on the Banadir coast, Mogadishu is unique as it is considered a municipality rather than a regional administration.

Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam is the biggest city and financial center of Tanzania, serving as the capital of Dar es Salaam Region. With a population of over six million, it is the largest city in East Africa and the sixth-largest in Africa. Situated on the Swahili coast, it is a significant economic hub and among the world's fastest-growing cities.

Kampala: Kampala is Uganda's capital and biggest city with a population of 1,680,600 (2020). It is divided into Kampala Central, Kawempe, Makindye, Nakawa, and Rubaga divisions.

Lusaka: Lusaka is the capital and largest city of Zambia, positioned on the central plateau. It is a rapidly developing city with a population of approximately 3.3 million. Lusaka serves as the economic and political hub of Zambia, connecting to major highways in all directions. The city administration uses English as the official language, while Bemba, Tonga, Lenje, Soli, Lozi, and Nyanja are commonly spoken on the streets.

Harare: Harare, once known as Salisbury, is Zimbabwe's capital and largest city.

Gaborone: Gaborone, the capital and largest city of Botswana, has a population of 246,325 (10% of the country's total) according to the 2022 census. The city's agglomeration houses 421,907 residents, as recorded in the 2011 census.

Windhoek: Windhoek is the capital and largest city of Namibia, situated at an elevation of 1,700 m (5,600 ft) above sea level in central Namibia. It is located in the Khomas Highland plateau area and serves as the country's geographic center. With a population of 431,000 in 2020, the city is experiencing continuous growth due to migration from other regions within Namibia.

Cape Town: Cape Town, the legislative capital of South Africa, is the country's oldest city and home to the Parliament. As the second-largest city and the largest in the Western Cape, it is also a part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality.

Durban: Durban is the largest city in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It is the third-most populous city in the country and was a host city for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. It is part of the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality with a population of approximately 4 million, making it one of the largest cities on the African continent's Indian Ocean coast.

Gqeberha: Gqeberha (formerly Port Elizabeth), also known as P.E., is a significant seaport and the largest city in South Africa's Eastern Cape province. It serves as the headquarters for the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality, the country's second-smallest metropolitan municipality in terms of area. With its position as the sixth most populous city in South Africa, Gqeberha plays a vital role as the cultural, economic, and financial center of the Eastern Cape.

Johannesburg: Johannesburg, South Africa's most populous city, is a megacity and one of the largest urban areas globally. It is the capital of Gauteng, the country's wealthiest province, and home to the Constitutional Court. Johannesburg serves as the headquarters for major South African companies and banks. With its location in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand hills, it holds significant global importance in the gold and diamond trade.

Pretoria: Pretoria is the administrative capital of South Africa, housing the executive branch of government and all foreign embassies to the country.

Conakry: Conakry, the capital and largest city of Guinea, is a prominent port city that serves as the economic, financial and cultural center of the country. With a population of 1,660,973 as per the 2014 census, it holds great significance in Guinea's socio-economic landscape.

Monrovia: Monrovia is the capital city of Liberia, located on Cape Mesurado on the Atlantic coast. It has a population of over 1 million residents, making up 29% of Liberia's total population. As the primate city, Monrovia is the country's economic, financial, and cultural hub, with a thriving harbor and serving as the seat of government.

Cotonou: Cotonou, the largest city in Benin, had an official population count of 679,012 inhabitants in 2012. However, its larger urban area is home to over two million people.

Ouagadougou: Ouagadougou, also known as Ouaga, is the capital and largest city of Burkina Faso. It serves as the administrative, cultural, economic, and communication hub of the nation. With a population of 2,415,266 in 2019, its inhabitants are referred to as ouagalais. The city's name is derived from French orthography used in former French African colonies.

Accra: Accra is the capital and largest city of Ghana, situated on the southern coast at the Gulf of Guinea. The Accra Metropolitan District has a population of 284,124, and the larger Greater Accra Region has a population of 5,455,692. The name "Accra" typically refers to the Accra Metropolitan District, which was larger before 2008. It has now been divided into 13 local government districts. The Accra Metropolitan District is the only district within the capital to have city status. It serves as the capital of Ghana and is known as the "City of Accra."

Kumasi: Kumasi is a major city in Ghana's Ashanti Region, known for its historical significance as the capital of the Ashanti Empire. Situated near Lake Bosomtwe, it is a thriving hub for commerce, industry, and culture. Referred to as "The Garden City" for its abundant plant life, Kumasi is also called Oseikrom, in honor of its notable king, Osei Kofi Tutu I.

Abidjan: Abidjan is the economic capital of Ivory Coast, boasting a population of 6.3 million people, which represents over 20% of the country's total population. It stands as the sixth most populous city in Africa, following Lagos, Cairo, Kinshasa, Dar es Salaam, and Johannesburg. Abidjan serves as a cultural hub in West Africa and is renowned for its advanced industrial and urban development. Additionally, this vibrant city holds the distinction of being the most populous in Africa when it comes to both Dioula and French speakers.

Bamako: Bamako is Mali's capital and largest city, situated near the rapids on the Niger River. It has a population of 4,227,569 as of 2022.

Niamey: Niamey is the capital and largest city of Niger, located on the Niger River. With a population of over 1 million, it is situated on the east bank. The city's growth rate is slower than the country as a whole, known for having the world's highest fertility rate. Niamey is known for its pearl millet agriculture and manufacturing industries, producing bricks, ceramics, cement, and textiles.

Abuja: Abuja is Nigeria's capital and eighth most populous city, located in the Federal Capital Territory. It was planned and constructed in the 1980s by International Planning Associates, with the Central Business District designed by Japanese architect Kenzo Tange. Abuja replaced Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991.

Benin City: Benin City is the capital of Edo State in southern Nigeria, known for its rich historical heritage. The city houses the Benin City National Museum, showcasing terracotta sculptures and artifacts from the Benin empire. The Oba's palace features bronze plaques depicting historical events. It is the fourth-largest city in Nigeria, located 40 kilometres north of the Benin River. Benin City serves as a major hub for Nigeria's rubber and oil industries.

Enugu: Enugu is the capital city of Enugu State in southeastern Nigeria, known for its hilly geography. With a population of 820,000, it acquired township status in 1917 and was renamed Enugu in 1928 due to rapid expansion.

Ibadan: Ibadan is the capital and largest city of Oyo State, Nigeria. With a population of over 3.6 million, it is the third-largest city in the country. It has a metropolitan area with over 6 million people. Ibadan is the largest city in Nigeria in terms of geographical area. It was once the largest city in Nigeria and the second most populous in Africa. It is ranked as the second fastest-growing city in Africa and third in West Africa for tech startups. In 2016, Ibadan joined UNESCO's Global Network of Learning Cities.

Kaduna: Kaduna is the capital city of Kaduna State and the former political capital of Northern Nigeria. It serves as a trade center and a major transportation hub, providing access to the northern states of Nigeria. Located on the Kaduna River, it boasts a well-connected rail and road network.

Kano (city): Kano is a city in northern Nigeria and the capital of Kano State. It is the second largest city in Nigeria, known for its role in the trans-Saharan trade. With over ten million citizens, Kano has been a trade hub and settlement for centuries. The city is under the traditional rule of the Dabo dynasty, with the Kano Emirate Council serving as the current traditional institution.

Lagos: Lagos is the most populous city in Nigeria and the most populous urban area in Africa, with an estimated population of 21 million in 2015. It was the national capital of Nigeria until 1991 when it was moved to Abuja. Lagos is a major financial center and the economic hub of Lagos State and Nigeria. It greatly influences commerce, entertainment, technology, education, politics, tourism, art, and fashion in Africa. Additionally, it is one of the world's fastest-growing cities and urban areas, with the fourth-highest GDP in Africa. It houses a large and busy seaport and is classified as a Medium-Port Megacity due to its large population and port traffic volumes.

Maiduguri: Maiduguri is the capital and largest city of Borno State in north-eastern Nigeria. Situated along the Ngadda River, it is known for its proximity to the Firki swamps near Lake Chad. Founded in 1907 as a British military outpost, Maiduguri now has an estimated population of around two million as of 2022.

Port Harcourt: Port Harcourt is the capital of Rivers State in Nigeria and the fifth most populous city in the country. It is located in the oil-rich Niger Delta, along the Bonny River. The urban population is estimated to be around 3.48 million in 2023. The metropolitan area has a population of approximately 2.34 million according to a 2015 UN estimate. The city has experienced significant population growth, with a 4.99% annual change since 2015. In 1950, the population was around 59,752.

Dakar: Dakar is the capital and largest city of Senegal, with a population of over 1 million. The metropolitan area of Dakar is estimated to have a population of nearly 4 million in 2021.

Freetown: Freetown is the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone, situated on the Atlantic Ocean. It serves as the major urban, economic, and political center of the country, hosting the government. With a population of over 1 million, Freetown is a significant port city and an important hub for finance, culture, and education in Sierra Leone.

Calgary: Calgary is the largest city in the province of Alberta and the third-largest city in Canada. It forms the largest metro area within the three Prairie Provinces region. With a population of 1,306,784 in the city proper and 1,481,806 in the metropolitan area, Calgary ranks as the fifth-largest metropolitan area in Canada as of 2021.

Montreal: Montreal is the second most populous city in Canada, located in the province of Quebec. It was founded in 1642 as Ville-Marie and is named after Mount Royal. The city is centered on the Island of Montreal and is surrounded by smaller islands. It is 196 km east of Ottawa and 258 km southwest of Quebec City.

Ottawa: Ottawa is the capital of Canada, located in Ontario where the Ottawa River meets the Rideau River. It borders Gatineau, Quebec and is the heart of the Ottawa-Gatineau metropolitan area. With a population of over 1 million, it is the fourth-largest city and metro area in Canada.

Toronto: Toronto is the capital of Ontario and the largest city in Canada, with a population of 2.8 million. It is the fourth-most populous city in North America and part of the Golden Horseshoe, home to 9.8 million people. Known for its multiculturalism, Toronto is a thriving hub for business, finance, arts, sports, and culture.

Vancouver: Vancouver is a major city in western Canada, located in British Columbia's Lower Mainland region. It is the most populous city in the province, with a population of 662,248 in 2021. The Metro Vancouver area, including the Fraser Valley, has a population of 2.6 million, making it the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada. The city has a high population density of over 5,700 people per square kilometer, the highest in Canada and the fourth highest in North America.

Boston: Boston is the capital and largest city of Massachusetts. It serves as the cultural and financial hub of New England. With a population of 675,647 in 2020, it covers an area of 48.4 sq mi. The Greater Boston metropolitan area is the eleventh-largest in the United States.

New York City: New York City, often referred to as NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. Located at the southern tip of New York State, it has one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city is composed of five boroughs, each corresponding to a county. NYC is a global city with significant influence in various fields such as finance, entertainment, media, and technology. It is home to the headquarters of the United Nations and is renowned for its international diplomacy. Known as a major cultural hub and a center for commerce, New York City also excels in areas such as research, education, art, fashion, and sports.

Philadelphia: Philadelphia, commonly known as Philly, is Pennsylvania's most populous city and the second-most populous city in the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions. It was the capital of the United States until 1800. Philadelphia has a population of 1,603,797 and is the sixth-most populous city in the country. It is also the urban core of the Delaware Valley, one of the world's largest metropolitan regions with over 6 million residents. Philadelphia is historically significant, particularly in the American Revolution, and remains influential in various fields such as business, culture, sports, and music.

Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh is a city in Pennsylvania, known for being the county seat of Allegheny County. It's the second-most populous city in the state, with a population of 302,971 as of 2020. Located in Western Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh is the anchor of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. With a population of 2.457 million, it is the largest city in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia. Additionally, Pittsburgh is the principal city of the greater Pittsburgh–Weirton–Steubenville combined statistical area, which extends into neighboring states.

Baltimore: Baltimore is the largest city in Maryland and the 30th most populous city in the United States. It is an independent city with a population of around 585,708 people. The Baltimore metropolitan area has approximately 2.8 million residents, ranking it as the 20th largest metropolitan area in the US. When combined with the Washington metropolitan area, the Washington–Baltimore CSA becomes the third-largest in the country, with a population of around 9.9 million as of 2020.

Washington, D.C.: Washington, D.C. is the capital city of the United States. It is located on the east bank of the Potomac River and borders Virginia and Maryland. The city is named after George Washington, the first U.S. president, and the district is named after the female personification of the nation, Columbia.

Nashville, Tennessee: Nashville, Tennessee is the capital and largest city of the state. It has a population of 689,447, making it the 21st most populous city in the U.S. and the fourth most populous in the southeastern region. Situated on the Cumberland River, Nashville is the hub of the Nashville metropolitan area and is experiencing rapid growth.

Charlotte, North Carolina: Charlotte, North Carolina is the largest city in North Carolina and the county seat of Mecklenburg County. With a population of 874,579 in 2020, it is the 15th most populous city in the United States and the second most populous in the Southeast. As the cultural, economic, and transportation hub of the Charlotte metropolitan area, its population in 2020 was 2,660,329, making it the 22nd largest in the country. Charlotte is also part of the Metrolina region, which encompasses a total population of 2,822,352 across sixteen counties.

Atlanta: Atlanta is the capital and largest city in Georgia. It is located in Fulton County and part of it extends into DeKalb County. Although its population of 498,715 makes it the eighth most populous city in the Southeast, the larger Atlanta metropolitan area is home to over 6.2 million people, making it the eighth-largest metro area in the United States. Atlanta is known for its unique topography with rolling hills, abundant greenery, and the densest urban tree coverage in the country.

Miami: Miami is a coastal metropolis and the seat of Miami-Dade County in South Florida. It is the second-most populous city in Florida with a population of 442,241. Miami has a large metropolitan area with a population of 6.14 million, making it the second-largest in the Southeast and ninth-largest in the US. It boasts a prominent skyline, including over 300 high-rises, with 58 exceeding 491 ft.

New Orleans: New Orleans is a city in southeastern Louisiana along the Mississippi River. It is the most populous city in Louisiana and the French Louisiana region. Known for being a major port, New Orleans serves as an economic and commercial hub for the Gulf Coast region.

Austin, Texas: Austin, Texas is the vibrant capital of Texas, known for its rapid growth and cultural scene. As the 10th most populous city in the US, it extends into multiple counties and is a major state capital. Situated about 80 miles apart, it forms a thriving metropolitan region with San Antonio. Austin is also recognized as a Beta-level global city and has been experiencing significant growth since 2010.

Dallas: Dallas is the most populous city in Texas and the main core of the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. It is also the ninth-most populous city in the U.S., with a 2020 census population of 1.3 million. Dallas is located in North Texas and serves as the seat of Dallas County. It is part of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and lacks a navigable link to the sea.

Houston: Houston is a populous city located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. It is the largest city in Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area. With a population of 2,302,878, it ranks as the fourth-most populous city in the United States and the seventh-most populous city in North America. Houston is an anchor of the Texas Triangle megaregion.

San Antonio: San Antonio, located in Texas, is a major city known for being the county seat of Bexar County. It is the seventh-most populous city in the United States and second-largest in the Southern United States. San Antonio is also the largest city in the San Antonio–New Braunfels metropolitan area, often called Greater San Antonio. The metropolitan area has a population of approximately 2.6 million people, making it the 24th-largest in the US and the third-largest in Texas, according to the 2020 U.S. census estimates.

Cleveland: Cleveland is the largest city on Lake Erie, located in Ohio along its southern shore. It serves as the county seat of Cuyahoga County and anchors the Greater Cleveland metropolitan area. With a population of 372,624, it ranks as the second-most populous city in Ohio and the 54th-most populous city in the U.S. The city is situated approximately 60 miles west of Pennsylvania and shares a maritime border with Canada. The Cleveland area, including Akron and Canton, forms the most populous combined statistical area in Ohio, with a population of 3.63 million in 2020.

Detroit: Detroit is a populous city on the United States–Canada border, serving as the government seat of Wayne County in Michigan. It is the 29th-most populous city in the US, with a population of 639,111 as of 2020. The Metro Detroit area boasts a population of 4.3 million, making it the second-largest in the Midwest and the 14th-largest in the US. Known for its cultural significance, Detroit has made notable contributions to music, art, architecture, and design, while also having a rich automotive history.

Chicago: Chicago is the largest city in Illinois and the third-largest city in the United States. It has a population of over 2.7 million people, making it the most populous city in the Midwest. It is the seat of Cook County, which is the second most populous county in the US. Chicago is also the center of the Chicago metropolitan area.

Minneapolis: Minneapolis, the largest city in Minnesota, is known as the "City of Lakes" due to its abundance of water features, including thirteen lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks, and waterfalls. It was once the global leader in lumber and flour milling during the 19th century. Today, Minneapolis remains a financially influential city, occupying both banks of the Mississippi River and neighboring the state capital, Saint Paul.

St. Louis: St. Louis is an independent city in Missouri, situated near the convergence of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. In 2020, the city had a population of 301,578, while its metropolitan area spanned into Illinois with over 2.8 million people. It is Missouri's largest metropolitan area and the second largest in Illinois. Additionally, St. Louis' combined statistical area ranks as the 21st largest in the United States.

Denver: Denver is the capital and largest city of Colorado, with a population of 715,522 in 2020. It is the 19th-most populous city in the United States and the fifth most populous state capital. It is also part of the Denver–Aurora–Lakewood metropolitan statistical area, the most populous in Colorado.

Phoenix, Arizona: Phoenix, AZ is Arizona's capital and largest city, with 1.6 million residents. It is the fifth-most populous city in the US and the country's most populous state capital.

Las Vegas: Las Vegas, also known as Vegas, is a bustling city in Nevada, USA. It is the most populous city in the state and the county seat of Clark County. As the 25th-most populous city in the country, it boasts the largest metropolitan area in the Mojave Desert and the second-largest in the Southwest. Famous for its gambling, shopping, fine dining, entertainment, and vibrant nightlife, it is a renowned international resort city. With its downtown and the iconic Las Vegas Strip, it offers a wide range of venues for visitors. Additionally, Las Vegas Valley serves as a vital center for finance, commerce, and culture in Nevada.

Los Angeles: Los Angeles, often abbreviated as L.A., is the largest city in California and the second-most populous city in the United States after New York City. It serves as the commercial, financial, and cultural hub of Southern California. With a population of approximately 3.9 million, it boasts a diverse population and a Mediterranean climate. Los Angeles also acts as the principal city in a vast metropolitan area.

San Diego: San Diego is a populous city in California, located by the Pacific Ocean. It is the eighth most populous city in the US and second in California after Los Angeles. The city is adjacent to the Mexico-United States border and serves as the seat of San Diego County. San Diego boasts a mild Mediterranean climate, beautiful beaches, and parks. It is famous for its strong connection with the US Navy and recent growth in healthcare and biotechnology.

San Francisco: San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is a vibrant and bustling city that serves as the commercial, financial, and cultural hub of Northern California. It is the fourth most populous city in California and the 17th most populous city in the United States. Situated at the end of the San Francisco Peninsula, it covers a land area of 46.9 square miles. Known for its dense population, it is the second-most densely populated large city in the US after New York City. San Francisco is renowned for its prosperity, ranking first in per capita income and sixth in aggregate income among US cities with over 250,000 residents. The city also goes by several colloquial nicknames, including Frisco, San Fran, The City, and SF.

San Jose, California: San Jose, California is the largest city in Northern California and has a population of 971,233. It is the most populous city in the Bay Area and the San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland Combined Statistical Area. Additionally, it is the third-most populous city in California and the 12th-most populous city in the United States. San Jose is located in the Santa Clara Valley on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay and covers an area of 179.97 sq mi. It serves as the county seat of Santa Clara County and is a major component of the San Jose–Sunnyvale–Santa Clara Metropolitan Statistical Area, home to around two million residents.

Seattle: Seattle is a major port city in the US, located on the West Coast. It is the largest city in both Washington state and the Pacific Northwest region, with a population of 749,256. The Seattle metropolitan area has a population of 4.02 million, making it the 15th largest in the country. Between 2010 and 2020, Seattle experienced rapid growth, becoming one of the fastest-growing large cities in the US.

Mexico City: Mexico City is the capital and largest city of Mexico. It is a major global cultural and financial hub located in the Valley of Mexico, at a high altitude of 2,240 meters. With 16 boroughs, it is home to numerous neighborhoods.

Tijuana: Tijuana, located on Mexico's Pacific Coast, is the largest city in Baja California. It serves as the municipal seat of the Tijuana Municipality and is the key hub of the Tijuana metropolitan area. With its close proximity to the Mexico-US border, Tijuana is an integral part of the San Diego-Tijuana metro region.

Puebla (city): Puebla (city), also known as Heroica Puebla de Zaragoza, is the capital and largest city of the state of Puebla, Mexico. It was built during the viceregal era as a planned city and is located in southern Central Mexico. Puebla is the fourth largest city in Mexico and is situated between Mexico City and Veracruz, serving as a crucial link on the main route between the capital and the Atlantic port.

Guadalajara: Guadalajara is a city in western Mexico and the capital of Jalisco state. It has a population of 1,385,629, making it the 7th largest city in Mexico. The Guadalajara metropolitan area has a population of 5,268,642, making it the third-largest in the country. It is known for its high population density of over 10,361 people per square kilometer. Guadalajara is a major center for business, arts, culture, technology, and tourism. It is the economic hub of the Bajío region and is regularly ranked among the most productive and competitive cities globally. The city boasts several landmarks, including the Guadalajara Cathedral, the Teatro Degollado, the Templo Expiatorio, the Hospicio Cabañas—a UNESCO World Heritage site, and the San Juan de Dios Market, the largest indoor market in Latin America.

Ciudad Juárez: Ciudad Juárez, or Juárez, is the largest city in Chihuahua, Mexico, with a population of 2.5 million people. It was previously called El Paso del Norte until 1888. Situated on the Rio Grande river, it is located south of El Paso, Texas, forming the second largest binational metropolitan area on the Mexico-U.S. border. The combined population of Ciudad Juárez and El Paso is over 3.4 million people.

León, Guanajuato: León, Guanajuato is a populous city in central Mexico. It serves as the municipal seat and is located in the state of Guanajuato. With a population of over 1.7 million people, it is the fourth most populous municipality in the country. The metropolitan area of León has a population of over 2.1 million, making it the seventh most populous metropolitan area in Mexico. Situated in the Bajío macroregion, León is a key city within the Central Mexican Plateau.

Monterrey: Summary: Monterrey is the capital and largest city of Nuevo León, Mexico. It is the second largest city in the country, located at the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental. The Monterrey metropolitan area is the second largest and most productive in Mexico, with an estimated population of 5,341,171 people and a GDP of US$140 billion. The city itself has a population of 1,142,194 according to the 2020 census.

Mérida, Yucatán: Mérida, the capital of Yucatán in México, is a bustling city in the southeast. It is situated in the northwest of the Yucatán Peninsula, approximately 35 km from the Gulf of Mexico. With a population of 921,770, it serves as the seat of the eponymous municipality. The metropolitan area, encompassing the cities of Kanasín and Umán, totals 1,316,090 people in 2020.

Acapulco: Acapulco, also known as Acapulco de Juárez, is a major seaport and city located in Guerrero, Mexico. It is situated on a deep bay and has served as a port since the colonial period. Acapulco is a popular destination for shipping and cruise lines traveling between Panama and San Francisco. It is the largest city in Guerrero and the biggest beach resort in Mexico. Acapulco de Juárez is the municipal seat of the Acapulco municipality.

Veracruz (city): Veracruz (city) is a major port on the Gulf of Mexico and the most populous city in the Mexican state of Veracruz. Located along the state's central coast, it is the municipal seat and is known as Heroica Veracruz. The city is situated 90 km southeast of the state capital, Xalapa.

San José, Costa Rica: San José is the capital and largest city of Costa Rica, situated in the center of the country. It serves as the seat of national government and is a hub for political, economic, and transportation activities. With a population of over 333,980 residents in 2015, it is a significant city within the Greater Metropolitan Area, which has an estimated population of over 2 million. The city is named after Joseph of Nazareth.

San Salvador: San Salvador is the capital and largest city of El Salvador. It is the political, cultural, and financial hub of the country. The metropolitan area, including the capital and 13 municipalities, has a population of 2,404,097. The urban area alone is home to 1,600,000 inhabitants.

Guatemala City: Guatemala City, locally known as Guate, is the capital and largest city of Guatemala. It is located in a mountain valley called Valle de la Ermita and serves as the capital of the Guatemala Department. Being the most populous urban area in Central America, it is a significant cultural and economic hub in the region.

Tegucigalpa: Tegucigalpa, the capital and largest city of Honduras, is known as Tegus or Teguz. It is situated alongside its sister city, Comayagüela.

Managua: Managua is Nicaragua's capital, situated on Lake Managua. It has a population of 1,055,247 and is one of the largest cities in Central America. Additionally, it serves as the seat of Managua Department.

Panama City: Panama City, the capital and largest city of Panama, has a population of 1.9 million. It is located at the Pacific entrance of the Panama Canal, serving as a hub for banking, commerce, politics, and administration.

Havana: Havana is the capital and largest city of Cuba, serving as the country's main port and commercial center. With a population of over 2 million people, Havana spans an area of 728.26 km2 for the capital city side and 8,475.57 km² for the metropolitan zone, making it the largest city by area and the most populous in the Caribbean region.

Santo Domingo: Santo Domingo, also known as Santo Domingo de Guzmán, is the capital and largest city of the Dominican Republic and the Caribbean's most populous metropolitan area. With a population of over 1 million, it is situated within the Distrito Nacional and shares borders with Santo Domingo Province.

Port-au-Prince: Port-au-Prince is the capital and largest city of Haiti, with a population of approximately 1.2 million. The metropolitan area, which includes several surrounding communes, has a population of about 2.6 million.

Kingston, Jamaica: Kingston, Jamaica: capital and largest city of Jamaica, situated on the southeastern coast with a natural protected harbor. It connects to the rest of the island through a long sand spit called Palisadoes, linking Port Royal and Norman Manley International Airport. Kingston is the Caribbean's largest predominantly English-speaking city.

San Juan, Puerto Rico: San Juan, Puerto Rico is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. It is the 57th-largest city in the United States with a population of 342,259. Founded in 1521 by Spanish colonists, it was originally known as Ciudad de Puerto Rico.

Buenos Aires: Buenos Aires is the capital and primate city of Argentina, located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata. Its name means "fair winds" or "good airs" in Spanish. It is considered an Alpha global city, according to GaWC's 2020 ranking.

Córdoba, Argentina: Córdoba, Argentina is a city in central Argentina, known for its location in the foothills of the Sierras Chicas on the Suquía River. It is the capital of Córdoba Province and the second-most populous city in Argentina, with about 1.6 million urban inhabitants. Founded in 1573 by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera, it was an early Spanish colonial capital and has a rich history. The city is home to the National University of Córdoba, the oldest university in the country, and is known as "La Docta."

Rosario: Rosario is the largest city in the Santa Fe province of Argentina, located on the Paraná River. It is the country's third most populous city and boasts a metropolitan area estimated to be home to 1.75 million people. The city is known for its impressive preservation of neoclassical, Art Nouveau, and Art Deco architecture found in numerous residences, houses, and public buildings.

La Paz: La Paz is the de facto capital of Bolivia and the seat of government. With a population of over 816,000, it is the third-most populous city in the country. The metropolitan area, which includes La Paz and nearby towns, has a population of 2.2 million, making it the second most populous urban area in Bolivia. La Paz is also the capital of the La Paz Department.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra: Santa Cruz de la Sierra, also known as Santa Cruz, is Bolivia's largest city and acts as the capital of the Santa Cruz department.

Belém: Belém, also known as Belém of Pará, is a bustling Brazilian city and the capital of the state of Pará. Located in the northern part of the country, it serves as the gateway to the Amazon River. With a thriving port, airport, and bus station, Belém is strategically positioned approximately 100 km upriver from the Atlantic Ocean on the Pará River. This river is part of the vast Amazon River system, separated from the main Amazon delta by Ilha de Marajó. Home to an estimated population of 1,499,641 people (or 2,491,052 including the metropolitan area), Belém is the 11th most populous city in Brazil and the second largest in the North Region, only surpassed by Manaus in the state of Amazonas.

Belo Horizonte: Belo Horizonte is Brazil's sixth-largest city, with a population of 2.3 million and a metropolitan area of 6 million. It is the capital of Minas Gerais, the country's second-most populous state. As the first planned modern city in Brazil, it is ranked as the third most populous metropolitan area in the country.

Brasília: Brasília is the capital of Brazil, situated in the Central-West region. It was established in 1960 by President Juscelino Kubitschek as the country's new national capital. With a high GDP per capita, it ranks as one of the major cities in Latin America.

Curitiba: Curitiba is a major city in Southern Brazil, serving as the capital of Paraná state. With a population of 1.96 million, it ranks as the eighth largest city in Brazil and the largest in the South Region. Curitiba's metropolitan area includes 29 municipalities and has a total population surpassing 3.73 million, making it the ninth most populous in the country.

Fortaleza: Fortaleza is the capital of Ceará in Northeastern Brazil. It is the country's 4th largest city, with a population of over 2.7 million, and ranks 12th in gross domestic product. The city is the center of the Fortaleza metropolitan area, home to over 4.1 million people.

Manaus: Manaus is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Amazonas, situated near the junction of the Negro and Amazon rivers. With a population of over 2.2 million, it is the seventh-largest city in Brazil. Manaus is known for being the largest metropolitan area in the North Region and one of two cities in the Amazon Rainforest with a population exceeding 1 million.

Porto Alegre: Porto Alegre is the capital of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with a population of 1.5 million people. It is the southernmost capital in Brazil and serves as the center of the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the country, with over 4.4 million residents.

Recife: Recife is the largest city in northeastern Brazil and the capital of Pernambuco state. With a population of over 4 million, it is known for its historical significance and vibrant culture. Founded in 1537, Recife was a major harbor during the Portuguese colonization and later became the capital of Dutch Brazil. Situated at the confluence of the Beberibe and Capibaribe rivers, Recife is often called the "Brazilian Venice" due to its many rivers, islands, and bridges. It is also a significant port on the Atlantic. Recife's name refers to the stone reefs along its shores. The city boasts a high Human Development Index (HDI) and is recognized as one of the most developed capitals in the region.

Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro and the second-most-populous city in Brazil and the sixth-most-populous city in the Americas. It is considered a beta global city by the GaWC. Additionally, Rio de Janeiro is home to a designated World Heritage Site.

Salvador, Bahia: Salvador is the capital of Bahia, Brazil, known for its cuisine, music, and architecture. It boasts a significant Afro-Brazilian cultural influence and is one of the oldest cities in the Americas. Founded in 1549, Salvador was the first capital of Colonial Brazil and a planned city during the Renaissance. Its establishment was a result of the Portuguese Empire's implementation of the General Government of Brazil.

São Luís, Maranhão: São Luís, Maranhão, is the capital and largest city of Maranhão state in Brazil. It is situated on Upaon-açu Island in the Baía de São Marcos, an estuary formed by several rivers. With a population of 1,108,975 people, São Luís has the second largest maritime extension in Brazil, spanning 640 km. The metropolitan area is ranked as the 15th largest in the country, with a total population of 1,605,305.

São Paulo: São Paulo is Brazil's largest city and the capital of the state of São Paulo. It is an alpha global city, exerting strong international influences in commerce, finance, arts, and entertainment. As the most populous city outside of Asia, it is also the world's fourth-largest city. The metropolitan area, Greater São Paulo, is Brazil's most populous and the 12th most populous globally. With over 30 million inhabitants, it forms the São Paulo Macrometropolis, one of the world's most populous urban agglomerations. Additionally, São Paulo is the largest Portuguese-speaking city and its name honors the Apostle Saint Paul of Tarsus.

Santiago: Santiago, also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile, located in the central valley. It is the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, home to 7 million people, representing 40% of Chile's total population. The city is mostly situated between 500–650 m (1,640–2,133 ft) above sea level.

Valparaíso: Valparaíso is a significant city and seaport in the Valparaíso Region of Chile. It serves as a naval base and educational hub.

Barranquilla: Barranquilla is the capital district of Atlántico, Colombia, near the Caribbean Sea. It is the largest city and third port in the Caribbean coast region, with a population of 1,206,319 in 2018.

Bogotá: Bogotá, the capital city of Colombia, is one of the largest cities globally. It is administered as the Capital District and is the center for politics, economics, administration, industry, culture, healthcare, education, and technology in the country and northern South America. Despite being part of the department of Cundinamarca, Bogotá has the same administrative status as a department. The city was formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá during the Spanish Colonial period and between 1991 and 2000.

Cali: Cali, also known as Santiago de Cali, is the capital of Colombia's Valle del Cauca department. It is the largest city in southwest Colombia, with a population of 2,227,642 residents. Cali covers an area of 560.3 km2, making it the second-largest city in the country by area. With access to the Pacific Coast, it serves as a major urban and economic center in the south of Colombia. The city, founded in 1536, has a rapidly growing economy and is one of the country's most populous cities after Bogotá and Medellín.

Cartagena, Colombia: Cartagena, Colombia, also known as Cartagena de Indias, is a historic city and major port on Colombia's northern coast, situated along the Caribbean Sea. With a rich historical background as a trade hub and Spanish colony, Cartagena played a significant role in the export of Bolivian silver and the import of enslaved Africans. Its strategic location and strong defenses protected it from pirate attacks. Additionally, the city's proximity to the Magdalena and Sinú Rivers allowed for easy access to the interior of New Granada, making it a crucial trading port between Spain and its overseas empire.

Medellín: Medellín is Colombia's second-largest city and the capital of Antioquia. It is situated in the Aburrá Valley in the Andes Mountains of South America. With a population of 2,508,452, Medellín is a vibrant urban hub. It also serves as the center for a metro area with over 4 million inhabitants, making it a significant economic and demographic hub in Colombia.

Guayaquil: Guayaquil is Ecuador's biggest city and serves as the nation's economic capital and primary port. It is located on the west bank of the Guayas River, which leads into the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Guayaquil. Guayaquil also functions as the capital of Guayas Province and the seat of Guayaquil Canton.

Quito: Quito is the capital of Ecuador and the province of Pichincha. It has a population of 2.8 million and is situated in a valley on the eastern slopes of the active Pichincha volcano in the Andes.

Asunción: Asunción is the capital and largest city of Paraguay, located on the eastern bank of the Paraguay River. It is separated from Argentina by the Paraguay River and Bay of Asunción, and is surrounded by the Central Department.

Lima: Lima, the capital of Peru, is a thriving city located in the desert zone of the central coast, with stunning views of the Pacific Ocean. As a major political, cultural, financial, and commercial center, it holds great significance for Peru. Lima is classified as a "beta" tier city due to its geostrategic importance. The city's jurisdiction primarily falls within the province of Lima, with a smaller portion extending into the Constitutional Province of Callao. The latter is home to the seaport and Jorge Chávez Airport. Since 2002, both provinces have regional autonomy.

Arequipa: Arequipa, the legal capital of Peru, is a city in Peru and the second most populous after Lima. It is home to the Constitutional Court and has an urban population of 1,296,278 inhabitants.

Cusco: Cusco, or Cuzco, is a city in southeastern Peru that serves as the capital of the Cusco Region and Cusco Province. It sits in the Andes mountains and is known for its high altitude of 3,400 m (11,200 ft). With a population of 428,450, it is the seventh most populous city in Peru.

Montevideo: Montevideo is Uruguay's capital and largest city with a population of 1,319,108. It is located on the southern coast, on the northeastern bank of the Río de la Plata.

Caracas: Caracas is the capital and largest city of Venezuela, situated along the Guaire River in the northern part of the country. It is located in the Caracas Valley, near the Caribbean Sea, and is separated from the coast by the Cerro El Ávila mountain range. With a population of nearly 5 million, it serves as the center of the Metropolitan Region of Caracas.

Maracaibo: Maracaibo is a major city in northwestern Venezuela, located on the shore of a strait connecting Lake Maracaibo to the Gulf of Venezuela. It is the second-largest city in Venezuela and the capital of the state of Zulia. With a population of approximately 2.7 million inhabitants, Maracaibo is known as "The Beloved Land of the Sun."

Valencia, Venezuela: Valencia, Venezuela, the capital of Carabobo State, is the country's third-largest city.

Almaty: Almaty, formally Alma-Ata, is Kazakhstan's biggest city with a population exceeding two million. It served as the capital from 1929 to 1991, during its time as an autonomous republic and later as a union republic within the Soviet Union. The government relocated the capital to Akmola in 1997.

Astana: Astana (now Nur-Sultan) is the capital city of Kazakhstan, known by various names throughout history, including Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, and Akmola.

Samarkand: Samarkand, an ancient city in southeastern Uzbekistan, is one of the oldest inhabited cities in Central Asia. It serves as the capital of Samarqand Region and includes urban-type settlements. With a population of 551,700, it is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan.

Tashkent: Tashkent, also known as Toshkent, is the capital of Uzbekistan and the largest city in Central Asia, with a population of 3 million. It is situated in northeastern Uzbekistan, close to the Kazakhstan border.

Shijiazhuang: Shijiazhuang is the capital city of Hebei Province in China. Situated about 266 kilometres southwest of Beijing, it is a prominent urban center. The city governs eight districts, two county-level cities, and twelve counties.

Taiyuan: Taiyuan is the capital and largest city of Shanxi Province, China. It serves as the political, economic, cultural, and international exchange hub for the region. Known as Lóngchéng, it has historically been a capital or provisional capital for various dynasties. Taiyuan is an industrial center, particularly specializing in energy and heavy chemicals.

Beijing: Beijing, also known as Peking, is the capital of China and the most populous national capital in the world. With over 21 million residents, it is the second largest city in China after Shanghai. Located in Northern China, Beijing is a municipality with 16 districts. It is surrounded by Hebei Province, except for the neighboring city of Tianjin to the southeast. Together, they form the Jingjinji megalopolis and the national capital region of China.

Tianjin: Tianjin is a coastal metropolis in Northern China, not part of a province. It is a national central city with a population of 13.9 million. The built-up area has 12 central districts and a population of 11.2 million, making it the 29th-largest agglomeration and 11th-most populous city in the world.

Dalian: Dalian is a major port city in northeastern China, located on the southern tip of the Liaodong peninsula. It is the second largest city in Liaoning province and the third-most populous city in Northeast China. Dalian shares borders with Yingkou, Anshan, and Dandong, and has maritime boundaries with Qinhuangdao, Huludao, Yantai, Weihai, and North Korea.

Shenyang: Shenyang, also known as Fengtian or Mukden, is a major city and provincial capital in Liaoning, China. With a population of over 9 million, it is the largest and most populous city in Northeast China.

Harbin: Harbin is a major city in northeast China and serves as the capital of the Heilongjiang province. It is the largest city in this region and is known for its significant urban and metropolitan populations. Harbin has authority over nine districts, two county-level cities, and seven counties. With a population of over 5.8 million in the city and more than 10 million in the metro area, it ranks among the top 100 largest urban areas globally.

Changchun: Changchun is the capital and largest city of Jilin Province in China, situated in the center of the Songliao Plain. With a population of over 9 million, it is a significant sub-provincial city consisting of 7 districts, 1 county, and 3 county-level cities. Changchun is a major city in Northeast China, and its metro area has a population of 5 million.

Jinan: Jinan, also known as Tsinan, is the capital of Shandong province in Eastern China. It is the second-largest city in Shandong with a population of 9.2 million. Jinan has a rich historical significance and serves as a major national administrative, economic, and transportation hub. It has been referred to as the "City of Springs" due to its renowned 72 artesian springs.

Qingdao: Qingdao, located in eastern Shandong Province on the Yellow Sea coast, is a major city connecting Continental and East Asia with Europe through the Belt and Road Initiative. As a sub-provincial level city, it enjoys the highest GDP in the province. Inhabited by 7,172,451 people, it is the 15th largest city in China. Qingdao shares borders with Yantai, Weifang, and Rizhao, and overlooks the Yellow Sea from the Shandong Peninsula.

Nanjing: Nanjing, or Nanking, is the capital of Jiangsu province in China. It is a megacity with 11 districts, covering 6,600 km2 (2,500 sq mi) and having a population of 9,423,400 as of 2021. With a rich history as a former capital, Nanjing is a center for culture, education, research, and politics. It is known for its large inland port and is ranked as one of the world's top 100 cities in the Global Financial Centres Index. Nanjing enjoys jurisdictional and economic autonomy similar to a province, making it a significant city in China's administrative structure.

Suzhou: Suzhou, also known as Soochow, is a vital economic hub located in southern Jiangsu province, East China. It holds the title of being the most populous city in Jiangsu and serves as a significant center for trade, commerce, and economic activities.

Hefei: Hefei is the capital and largest city of Anhui Province, China. It serves as the political, economic, and cultural hub of the region, with a population of over 9 million people. Situated in central China, Hefei is well-connected and borders several cities. It is notable for its location near Chao Lake and the Dabie Mountains, which act as a natural divide between the Huai and Yangtze rivers.

Hangzhou: Located in Zhejiang, China, Hangzhou is a prominent city at the head of Hangzhou Bay. It gained significance as the ending point of the Grand Canal and has been prosperous for centuries. As a major economic hub and the second biggest city in the Yangtze Delta, Hangzhou plays a crucial role in China's economy. With a population of over 11 million people, it forms the core of the fourth-largest metropolitan area in China. The thriving Hangzhou metropolitan area has a larger economy than Nigeria and encompasses urban districts in both Hangzhou and Shaoxing.

Nanchang: Nanchang is the capital of Jiangxi Province in China. It is strategically located in the north-central region, between the Jiuling Mountains and Poyang Lake. As a railway hub, it connects the prosperous East and South China.

Fuzhou: Fuzhou (or Foochow) is a major city in Fujian, China, situated between the Min River estuary and Ningde. It serves as the capital of Fujian and is part of the Mindong linguistic and cultural region, along with Ningde.

Xiamen: Xiamen, also known as Amoy, is a sub-provincial city in southeastern Fujian, China, located beside the Taiwan Strait. It consists of six districts covering an area of 1,700.61 square kilometers with a population of 5.3 million. The city has undergone urbanization, spreading from its original island to encompass Zhangzhou districts, forming a metropolis of almost 10 million people. Xiamen played a significant role in China's Opening Up Policy, becoming one of the country's first special economic zones in the 1980s.

Shanghai: Shanghai is a major city in China, known as one of the four direct-administered municipalities. It is situated at the mouth of the Yangtze River, with the Huangpu River flowing through it. With a population of 24.89 million in the city proper and 39.3 million in the urban area, it ranks among the most populous cities in the world. Shanghai is a prominent hub for finance, business, research, science, manufacturing, transportation, tourism, and culture. It boasts the world's busiest container port, and its Greater Shanghai metropolitan area generates a substantial gross metropolitan product of around 9.1 trillion RMB.

Guangzhou: Guangzhou, aka Canton, is the capital of Guangdong province in southern China. Positioned on the Pearl River, it has a rich history spanning over 2,200 years. This city, located 120 km north of Hong Kong and 145 km north of Macau, served as an important stop along the Silk Road.

Shantou: Shantou, also called Swatow or Santow, is a major city in the Guangdong province of China. It has a population of 5.5 million and covers an area of 2,248 square kilometers. The city's built-up area is even larger, with over 12.5 million people, including neighboring districts, counties, and cities. Shantou is considered the fifth largest built-up area in mainland China, alongside other prominent cities like Hangzhou-Shaoxing, Xian-Xianyang, and Tianjin.

Shenzhen: Shenzhen is a major Chinese city located in Guangdong province, bordering Hong Kong. It is a global hub for technology, research, manufacturing, business, and finance. With a population of 17.56 million, it ranks as the third most populous city in China. Additionally, Shenzhen is known for its bustling Port, which is the world's fourth busiest container port.

Luoyang: Luoyang is a city in Henan province, situated at the confluence area of the Luo River and the Yellow River. It borders Zhengzhou to the east and has a population of 6.9 million. The city has jurisdiction over 7 municipal districts, 7 counties, and 1 development zone.

Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou is the capital and largest city of Henan Province in China. It serves as the political, economic, technological, and educational center of the province and is one of the National Central Cities in China. Zhengzhou is located in north-central Henan and is the core area of the Central Plains Economic Zone.

Changsha: Changsha is the capital and largest city of Hunan Province, China. It is the 17th most populous city in the country and the third-most populous city in Central China. Located on the Xiang River, it is known for its scenic beauty with Mount Yuelu and Orange Isle. Changsha is part of the Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region and was named one of the emerging mega-cities in China. It is a major transportation hub and has historical and cultural significance. The city has a diverse linguistic landscape, with Changshanese, Ningxiangnese, and Liuyangnese dialects spoken in different areas. As of 2020, Changsha had a population of over 10 million.

Wuhan: Wuhan is the capital of Hubei Province in China, with a population of over eleven million. It is the most populous city in Hubei and one of the nine national central cities.

Nanning: Nanning is the capital of Guangxi in Southern China, renowned as the "Green City" due to its abundant subtropical greenery. It is a hilly basin surrounded by lush foliage and experiences a warm, monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate.

Hong Kong: Hong Kong is a highly populated city and special administrative region in China with 7.4 million residents from different nationalities. It covers a small territory of 1,104 square kilometers and is known for its dense population.

Macau: Macau, officially known as the Macao Special Administrative Region (MSAR) of China, is a densely populated city located in the western Pearl River Delta by the South China Sea. It has a population of around 680,000 and covers an area of 32.9 sq km (12.7 sq mi).

Chengdu: Chengdu is the capital city of Sichuan province in China, known for its high population of over 20 million people. It serves as the main hub of Western China and is one of the nine national central cities in the country.

Kunming: Kunming, or Yunnan-Fu, is the capital and largest city of Yunnan province, China. It serves as the political, economic, communications, and cultural center of the region. Noteworthy for its role in World War II, it was a vital Chinese military hub, American air base, and terminus for the Burma Road. Positioned on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Kunming is situated at an elevation of 1,900 meters and just north of the Tropic of Cancer. As the fourth most populous city in Western China, and the third in southwestern China, Kunming is home to a population exceeding 8.4 million people. The city offers a picturesque setting, nestled alongside Dian Lake and featuring a combination of temples and scenic lake-and-limestone hill landscapes.

Chongqing: Chongqing is a significant city in China, situated along the Yangtze River Economic Belt. It also serves as a base for China's Belt and Road Initiative.

Lhasa: Lhasa is the capital of Tibet Autonomous Region in southwest China, serving as the administrative center. It encompasses the Chengguan District, which forms the main urban area of Lhasa City.

Xi'an: Xi'an is the bustling capital of Shaanxi Province in Northwest China, with a population of 12.9 million. Situated on the Guanzhong Plain, it ranks as the third most populous city in Western China, following Chongqing and Chengdu. The urban area is home to 9.28 million people.

Ürümqi: Ürümqi is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China's far northwest. It was previously called Dihua.

Lanzhou: Lanzhou is the capital of Gansu province in China, situated on the Yellow River. It serves as a pivotal transportation hub, connecting the west and east of the country. With a historical significance as a key stop on the Northern Silk Road, Lanzhou is poised to become a major hub on the New Eurasian Land Bridge. It also boasts a thriving heavy industry and petrochemical sector.

Nagoya: Nagoya is Japan's fourth-largest city and the capital of Aichi Prefecture. It is located on the Pacific coast in central Honshu and serves as a major port. With a population of 2.3 million, Nagoya is one of Japan's three major cities. It is also part of the Chūkyō metropolitan area, which has a population of 10.11 million.

Hiroshima: Hiroshima is a major city in Japan's Hiroshima Prefecture, with an estimated population of 1.2 million. It has a significant economic impact, with a GDP of $61.3 billion in 2010. The city is led by Mayor Kazumi Matsui since April 2011. Hiroshima is the second largest urban area in the Chugoku region, after Okayama.

Sapporo: Sapporo is the largest city in Hokkaido, Japan's northernmost main island. It serves as the capital city of Hokkaido Prefecture and Ishikari Subprefecture. With a population ranking it fifth in Japan, Sapporo is recognized as a cultural, economic, and political hub. Situated in the southwest of Hokkaido, it lies within the alluvial fan of the Toyohira River, which is a tributary stream of the Ishikari.

Kobe: Kobe, the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture in Japan, is the country's seventh-largest city and the third-largest port city. With a population of about 1.5 million, it is situated in the Kansai region on the north shore of Osaka Bay. Kobe is part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area, along with Osaka and Kyoto. The city center is located approximately 35 km west of Osaka and 70 km southwest of Kyoto.

Kyoto: Kyoto is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan, located in the Kansai region. It is part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area, along with Osaka and Kobe. With a population of 1.46 million, it is the ninth-most populous city in Japan. Kyoto is known for its rich cultural heritage and is the anchor of the Greater Kyoto metropolitan area, home to an estimated 3.8 million people.

Osaka: Osaka is a major city in Japan, located in the Kansai region. It is the capital of Osaka Prefecture and the third most populous city in Japan. With a population of 2.7 million, it is the largest part of the Keihanshin Metropolitan Area. This metropolitan area is the second largest in Japan and the 10th largest internationally, with over 19 million inhabitants.

Tokyo: Tokyo is the capital of Japan and the most populous city worldwide, with over 14 million residents. It is part of the Tokyo metropolitan area, the world's most populous metropolitan area, with 40.8 million residents. The city also boasts the second-largest metropolitan economy globally, estimated at US$2 trillion in 2023.

Yokohama: Yokohama is a major city in Japan, ranking as the second-largest by population. It serves as the capital of Kanagawa Prefecture and is located south of Tokyo on Tokyo Bay. With a population of 3.8 million in 2020, it is a significant economic, cultural, and commercial center, playing a vital role in the Greater Tokyo Area.

Fukuoka: Fukuoka is the sixth-largest city in Japan, located along Hakata Bay. It serves as a major port city and the capital of Fukuoka Prefecture. Known as the gateway to Japan, it has been an important center of international commerce since ancient times. With a rich history dating back to the Jomon period, Fukuoka developed a unique local culture and dialect due to its distance from Kyoto, Osaka, and Tokyo.

Sendai: Sendai is the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture in Japan and is the largest city in the Tōhoku region. It has a population of over 1 million people and is known as one of Japan's designated cities. The city was founded in 1600 by Date Masamune and is famous for its beautiful Japanese zelkova trees that line the main streets. Sendai hosts the largest Tanabata festival in Japan during the summer and the Pageant of Starlight during winter. It is also home to Tohoku University, a renowned institution. Unfortunately, Sendai faced extensive damage from a devastating earthquake and tsunami in 2011.

Ulaanbaatar: Ulaanbaatar is the capital and largest city of Mongolia, with a population of 1.6 million. It holds the title for being the coldest capital city in the world. Located at an elevation of 1,300 meters in a valley on the Tuul River, the city was established in 1639 and became settled permanently in 1778 after multiple relocations. It began as a nomadic Buddhist monastic center.

Pyongyang: Pyongyang is the capital and largest city of North Korea, known as the "Capital of the Revolution." It is situated on the Taedong River, 109 km upstream from its mouth on the Yellow Sea. With a population of 3,255,288 according to the 2008 census, it is a directly administered city with a status equal to North Korean provinces.

Busan: Busan, officially Busan Metropolitan City, is South Korea's second most populous city and the economic, cultural, and educational hub of southeastern South Korea. With a population of over 3.4 million, it is home to South Korea's busiest port and the sixth-busiest in the world. The surrounding area is the largest industrial zone in the country, and Busan is classified as a Large-Port metropolis according to the Southampton System of Port-City classification.

Daegu: Daegu, formerly Taegu, is a major city in southeastern South Korea. It is officially known as Daegu Metropolitan City.

Daejeon: Daejeon is the fifth-largest metropolis in South Korea with a population of 1.5 million. It is known for its technology and research institutions and is located in a central lowland valley with forested hills and the Geum River. The city celebrates its natural environment with mountains, hot springs, and rivers open for public use. Daejeon serves as a transportation hub with major rail and road routes, and is approximately 50 minutes from Seoul by high-speed rail.

Gwangju: Gwangju is the sixth-largest metropolis in South Korea and a designated metropolitan city. It was previously the capital of South Jeolla Province until it became independent and gained metropolitan status.

Incheon: Incheon, formerly Jemulpo or Chemulp'o, is a city in northwest South Korea, bordering Seoul and Gyeonggi. It became an international port in 1883 and is now the country's third-most-populous city with about 3 million inhabitants.

Seoul: Seoul is the capital of South Korea and its largest urban center. It is officially known as Seoul Special City. With the inclusion of Gyeonggi province and Incheon metropolitan city, it forms the Seoul Capital Area, the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world. Seoul is home to more than half of South Korea's population, which stands at around 9.97 million as of 2020. Additionally, it serves as the seat of the South Korean government.

Kaohsiung: Kaohsiung is a special municipality in southern Taiwan, encompassing an area of 2,952 km2. With a population of around 2.73 million people, it is the third most populous city in Taiwan and the largest in the south.

Taichung: Taichung City, a special municipality in central Taiwan, is the country's second largest city with around 2.85 million residents. It is also the most populous city in Central Taiwan and serves as the core of the Taichung–Changhua metropolitan area, Taiwan's second largest metropolitan area.

Taipei: Taipei is the capital and special municipality of Taiwan, located in Northern Taiwan. It is an enclave of New Taipei City, about 25 km southwest of Keelung. The city is mainly situated on the Taipei Basin, an ancient lakebed, with the Keelung and Xindian rivers forming its western border as they converge to form the Tamsui River.

Herat: Herat is an oasis city in Afghanistan, the third-largest in the country. It has a population of approximately 574,276 and is the capital of Herat Province. Situated in the fertile valley of the Hari River, it is a regional hub in the western part of Afghanistan. It was an ancient civilization on the Silk Road, connecting West, Central, and South Asia.

Kabul: Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan, located in the eastern half of the country. It has a population of around 4.95 million people and is divided into 22 municipal districts. As Afghanistan's political, cultural, and economical center, Kabul has experienced rapid urbanization and is now the 75th-largest city globally. It serves as the country's primate city.

Kandahar: Kandahar, the second largest city in Afghanistan, is situated in the south on the Arghandab River. It serves as the capital of Kandahar Province and the cultural region called Loy Kandahar. With a population of around 614,118, Kandahar holds significant religious and political importance, being the founding city and spiritual center of the Taliban. It is considered the de facto capital of Afghanistan as the supreme leader and spiritual advisers operate from there, despite Kabul being the official capital.

Chittagong: Chittagong, officially Chattogram, is the second-largest city in Bangladesh and the third largest in the Bengal region. It serves as the administrative capital of its division and district. Located on the banks of the Karnaphuli River, it boasts the busiest seaport on the Bay of Bengal. With a population of over 5.2 million in the Greater Chittagong Area, it is a thriving city experiencing continuous growth and advancement.

Dhaka: Dhaka, formerly Dacca, is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh. It is the ninth-largest and seventh-most densely populated city globally, with a population of 10.2 million residents, which increases to over 22.4 million in the Dhaka Metropolitan Area. Considered the most densely populated urban area in the world, Dhaka is a vital cultural, economic, and scientific hub in Eastern South Asia. It is also the largest Bengali-speaking city globally and ranks 39th in the world for its GDP. Situated on the Ganges Delta, Dhaka is surrounded by the Buriganga, Turag, Dhaleshwari, and Shitalakshya rivers. Moreover, Dhaka holds significance as a major Muslim-majority city.

Sylhet: Sylhet, a metropolis in northeastern Bangladesh, serves as the administrative hub of Sylhet Division. Situated along the Surma River, it houses about 700,000 residents, ranking as the country's fifth-largest city.

Srinagar: Srinagar is the largest city and summer capital of the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir region in the disputed Kashmir Valley. This picturesque city is situated along the Jhelum River, with beautiful lakes and hills surrounding it. Srinagar is famous for its natural environment, gardens, houseboats, and traditional Kashmiri handicrafts. It is also known for producing dried fruits and is the second-largest metropolitan area in the Himalayas.

Amritsar: Amritsar, also known as Rāmdāspur and Ambarsar, is Punjab's second-largest city. It serves as a significant cultural, transportation, and economic hub in the Majha region. Amritsar is the administrative capital of its district, located 217 km northwest of Chandigarh and 455 km northwest of New Delhi. Situated near the India-Pakistan border, it is 28 km away. It is also 47 km northeast of Lahore, Pakistan.

Ludhiana: Ludhiana, in the Indian state of Punjab, is the most populous and largest city. With a population of approximately 1.6 million, it is densely populated over 310 km2 area. Known as "India's Manchester," it is a significant industrial center in Northern India and the commercial capital of Punjab.

Jaipur: Jaipur, formerly Jeypore, is the capital of Rajasthan in India. With a population of 3.1 million, it is the 10th most populous city in India. Located 268 km from New Delhi, Jaipur is known as the Pink City due to its pink-colored buildings.

Jodhpur: Jodhpur, the second-largest city in Rajasthan, India, was once the capital of the Kingdom of Marwar. It is famous for its beautiful palaces, forts, and temples set in the Thar Desert. Known as the "Blue City," Jodhpur is a popular tourist destination. It serves as the administrative headquarters of the Jodhpur district and division.

Agra: Agra is a populous city situated on the Yamuna river in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located about 230 km southeast of Delhi and 330 km west of Lucknow. The city has a population of around 1.6 million, making it the fourth-most populous in Uttar Pradesh and the twenty-third most populous in India.

Kanpur: Kanpur, formerly known as Cawnpore, is a large industrial city in Uttar Pradesh, India. Founded in 1207, it was an important commercial and military center during British India. It is the financial capital of Uttar Pradesh and part of the Bundelkhand Industrial Development Authority. Situated on the banks of the Ganges River, Kanpur is a major financial and industrial hub in North India. It is renowned for its colonial architecture, beautiful gardens, and thriving IT parks. Kanpur is also known for producing high-quality leather, plastic, and textile products, which are exported mainly to the West.

Lucknow: Lucknow is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. With a population of 2.8 million, it is the eleventh most populous city in India. Known for its multiculturalism and historic significance as a center of power in the 18th and 19th centuries, Lucknow is rich in North Indian cultural and artistic heritage. It is also a prominent center of Shia Islam and has influences of Persian, Shiite, Arabic, and British culture. Additionally, Lucknow is an important hub for governance, education, commerce, technology, tourism, and the arts.

Prayagraj: Prayagraj, also known as Allahabad, is a metropolis in Uttar Pradesh, India. It serves as the administrative headquarters of the Prayagraj district and division. The city is the judicial capital with the highest court in the state, the Allahabad High Court. With a population of approximately 1.53 million in 2011, it is the seventh most populous city in Uttar Pradesh and continues to grow rapidly. Prayagraj is ranked as the world's 40th fastest-growing city and is considered the third most liveable urban agglomeration in the state. The most widely spoken language in the city is Hindi.

Varanasi: Varanasi, located in northern India on the Ganges river, is a city steeped in Hindu traditions of pilgrimage, death, and mourning. It also boasts a fusion of Muslim artistry, attracting religious tourists. Situated in Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi lies on the left bank of the river, about 692 kilometers southeast of New Delhi and 320 kilometers southeast of Lucknow. Furthermore, it lies 121 kilometers downstream of Prayagraj, a significant Hindu pilgrimage site where the Yamuna river joins the Ganges.

Chandigarh: Chandigarh is a planned city and union territory in northern India, serving as a shared capital for Punjab and Haryana. It is part of the Chandigarh Capital Region, which includes satellite cities Panchkula and Mohali. Located near the Himalayas, it is 260 km north of New Delhi and 229 km southeast of Amritsar.

Delhi: Delhi is the capital city and a union territory of India. It is home to New Delhi, the national capital. Situated on the banks of the Yamuna river, Delhi shares borders with Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. It became a union territory in 1956 and the National Capital Territory in 1995. Covering an area of 1,484 square kilometers, Delhi has a city population of over 11 million and an NCT population of about 16.8 million according to the 2011 census.

Ahmedabad: Ahmedabad is the largest city in the state of Gujarat, India, with a population of 5.6 million people. It serves as the administrative headquarters of the Ahmedabad district and houses the Gujarat High Court. Located near the Sabarmati River, it is 25 km away from the state capital, Gandhinagar.

Surat: Surat is a city in Gujarat, India, known as a major commercial and economic center in South Gujarat. It was once a large seaport and is located on the banks of the Tapti River. Surat is famous for its diamond and textile industries, with 90% of the world's diamonds being cut and polished there. It is the second largest city in Gujarat and has achieved a Guinness World Record for the largest yoga session gathering.

Vadodara: Vadodara, also known as Baroda, is a prominent city in Gujarat, India. Situated on the Vishwamitri River, it serves as the administrative center of Vadodara district. The city is connected to Delhi and Mumbai by the railway line and National Highway 8. Vadodara derived its name from its plentiful banyan trees. It is recognized as "Sanskari Nagari" and "Kala Nagari," emphasizing its cultural and artistic significance in India.

Mumbai: Mumbai, the capital city of Maharashtra, is a financial powerhouse and the most populous city in India, with around 12.5 million inhabitants. It serves as the hub of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, home to over 23 million people. Situated on the Konkan coast, Mumbai boasts a strategic location with a natural deep harbour. Recognized as an alpha world city, Mumbai plays a significant role in India's economy and is a bustling metropolis.

Nagpur: Nagpur is Maharashtra's third-largest city, renowned as the "Orange City". It ranks 13th in size among Indian cities and is projected to be one of the world's fastest-growing cities, with an average growth rate of 8.41% from 2019 to 2035. Nagpur is a proposed Smart City in Maharashtra and among India's top ten cities in executing the Smart City Project.

Pune: Pune, formerly known as Poona, is a major city in the state of Maharashtra, Western India. It serves as the administrative headquarters for Pune district and division. With a population of 3.1 million residents within the city and 7.2 million in the metropolitan region, it is the ninth-most populous city in India and the eighth-most populous metropolitan area. Pune is renowned for being a prominent IT, automobile, and manufacturing hub in the country. It is often called the "Oxford of the East" due to its esteemed educational institutions and has been consistently ranked as the most livable city in India.

Visakhapatnam: Visakhapatnam, also known as Vizag or Viśākha, is the largest and most populous city in Andhra Pradesh, India. Situated between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal, it is the second-largest city on India's east coast and the fourth-largest in South India. Visakhapatnam is a smart city and serves as the district headquarters. It contributes significantly to India's economy with an estimated output of $43.5 billion, making it the ninth-largest GDP contributor as of 2016.

Bangalore: Bangalore, also known as Bengaluru, is the capital and largest city of Karnataka, India. It is the third most populous city in the country and the 27th largest city in the world. Situated on the Deccan Plateau, at an elevation of over 900 m (3,000 ft), Bangalore enjoys a pleasant climate and is often called India's "Garden City" due to its numerous parks and green spaces. With a population exceeding 8 million and a metropolitan population of around 15 million, it is the most populous city and largest urban agglomeration in South India.

Mysore: Mysore, officially Mysuru, is a populous metropolitan city in southern Karnataka, India. Renowned for its cleanliness, it served as the capital of the Kingdom of Mysore for six centuries until 1947. Mysore is home to the prestigious Wadiyar dynasty and is known for its magnificent palaces, especially the iconic Mysore Palace. The city is regarded as the "City of Palaces," the "Heritage City," and the "Cultural Capital of Karnataka." It is also cherished for its tranquil ambiance, earning it the nickname "Pensioners' Paradise."

Thiruvananthapuram: Thiruvananthapuram (formerly Trivandrum) is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala. It is the most populous city with around 1.68 million people. Situated on the west coast of India, it is a major IT hub contributing 55% of the state's software exports. The city is known for its undulating coastal hills and was described by Mahatma Gandhi as the "Evergreen city of India".

Chennai: Chennai, formerly Madras, is the capital of Tamil Nadu, India's southernmost state. It is located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. Chennai is the sixth most populous city in India and forms the fourth most populous urban agglomeration. The Greater Chennai Corporation, established in 1866, is the oldest municipal corporation in India and the second oldest in the world, after London.

Coimbatore: Coimbatore, also called Kovai, is a major city in Tamil Nadu, India, situated on the banks of the Noyyal River and surrounded by the Western Ghats. It is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu, with a significant population and ranked 16th largest urban agglomeration in India. Coimbatore is the administrative capital of its district and is governed by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation, established in 1981.

Madurai: Madurai is a significant city in Tamil Nadu, India, known as the cultural capital and administrative hub of Madurai District. It ranks as the third largest urban agglomeration in Tamil Nadu and the 33rd most populated city in India, as of 2011. Situated on the banks of River Vaigai, Madurai has a rich history spanning over 2500 years and is often called "Thoonga Nagaram" or "the city that never sleeps."

Hyderabad: Hyderabad, the capital and largest city of Telangana, is located on the Deccan Plateau in Southern India. It has hilly terrain, artificial lakes like Hussain Sagar, and an average altitude of 542m. With a population of 6.9 million residents within the city limits and a metropolitan population of 9.7 million, it stands as the fourth-most populous city in India. Furthermore, Hyderabad boasts the fifth-largest urban economy in the country, with an output of US$74 billion.

Patna: Patna, also known as Pataliputra, is the capital and largest city of the state of Bihar in India. With a population of 2.35 million, it is the 19th largest city in the country. Patna is home to the Patna High Court and is a significant pilgrimage site for Buddhists, Hindus, Jains, and Sikhs. It is located on the southern bank of the Ganges River and also intersects with the rivers Sone, Gandak, and Punpun. The city has a total area of 250 square kilometers and is surrounded by important historical and religious centers like Vaishali, Rajgir, Nalanda, Bodh Gaya, and Pawapuri.

Ranchi: Ranchi is the capital of Jharkhand, India and played a pivotal role in the Jharkhand movement. It became the center for demanding a separate state for tribal regions. Eventually, Jharkhand state was formed in 2000 by dividing Bihar divisions. Ranchi is also included in the prestigious Smart Cities Mission by PM Narendra Modi.

Bhubaneswar: Bhubaneswar is the capital and largest city of Odisha, India. It is known as the "Temple City" due to its rich history of 700 temples. Bhubaneswar has become an important education and business hub in recent years.

Kolkata: Kolkata, the capital of West Bengal, India, is situated on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River. It serves as the main financial and commercial hub of eastern and northeastern India. With a population of 4.5 million, it is the seventh largest city in India and part of the Kolkata Metropolitan Region, which has over 15 million residents. Kolkata holds great historical and cultural significance, being considered the de facto cultural capital of India and the second largest Bengali-speaking city globally. Notably, the city boasts the highest number of Nobel laureates among all Indian cities.

Raipur: Raipur is the capital city of Chhattisgarh, India, and the largest city in the state. It serves as the administrative headquarters for the Raipur district and division. Once a part of Madhya Pradesh, it has now developed into a major commercial and industrial center in Central India. Known for its exponential industrial growth, Raipur is ranked as the sixth cleanest city in India and has earned high rankings in ease of living and municipal performance.

Bhopal: Bhopal is the capital city of Madhya Pradesh, India, known for its lakes and greenery. It is the 16th largest city in India, with a rich history as the former capital of Bhopal State until 1947.

Indore: Indore is the largest city in Madhya Pradesh, India, known for being the cleanest in the country. It serves as headquarters for Indore District and Division, and is a prominent educational hub with campuses of IIT and IIM. Located on the southern edge of Malwa Plateau, it has the highest elevation among major cities in Central India. Indore is situated around 190 km west of Bhopal, and is close to Ujjain and Dewas. With a population of nearly 2 million, it is the most densely populated major city in the region, covering 530 square kilometers of land area.

Guwahati: Guwahati is the largest city in Assam and northeastern India. It serves as the capital of Assam and houses the government's seat. Located on the bank of the Brahmaputra River, this rapidly growing city is known as the "gateway to North East India" and boasts both a riverine port and scenic hills.

Kathmandu: Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, is the largest city in the country, with a population of over 845,000 people. Situated in the Kathmandu Valley at an altitude of 1,400 metres, it is known for its high plateaus. The city is home to 105,649 households and forms an urban agglomeration with a population of around 2.9 million.

Islamabad: Islamabad, the capital city of Pakistan, is a planned city established in 1967. It has a population of over 1.2 million people and is known for being safe, clean, and green. Administered by the Pakistani government, Islamabad replaced Karachi as the nation's official capital. It boasts high standards of living and impressive architecture.

Peshawar: Peshawar is the sixth largest city in Pakistan, with a population of over 1.97 million. It is the capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and is primarily inhabited by Pashtuns. Located in the historic Valley of Peshawar, it has a recorded history dating back to 539 BCE, making it one of the oldest cities in South Asia. Peshawar was the capital of the Gandhara civilization and remains one of the country's oldest continuously inhabited cities.

Faisalabad: Faisalabad, once called Lyallpur, is the second largest city and industrial hub in Punjab, Pakistan. Positioned in the northeast, it lies amidst the fertile plains of the Ravi and Chenab River. With an estimated population of 3.7 million in 2023, it is a bustling metropolis and one of Pakistan's most affluent and industrialized cities. Additionally, Faisalabad serves as the largest industrial center and second largest city in the wider Punjab region.

Gujranwala: Gujranwala is a city in Pakistan, known as the "City of Wrestlers". It is famous for its food and is the 5th most populous city in the country. Founded in the 18th century, it is relatively modern compared to other ancient cities in the region. Gujranwala served as the capital of the Sukerchakia Misl state and is the birthplace of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the founder of the Sikh Empire.

Lahore: Lahore, the capital of Punjab in Pakistan, is the second largest city in the country. With a population of over 13 million, it is a major industrial and economic hub. Situated along the River Ravi, Lahore has been a historic capital and cultural center of the wider Punjab region. Known for its social liberalism, progressiveness, and cosmopolitanism, it is among Pakistan's most significant cities.

Multan: Multan, a city in Punjab, Pakistan, sits on the Chenab River. As one of Pakistan's largest urban centers, Multan holds great cultural, religious, and economic importance in Southern Punjab. Renowned for its ancient heritage and historic landmarks, Multan stands as one of Asia's oldest continuously inhabited cities with a rich history dating back millennia. Serving as a former capital and a significant cultural hub of both Punjab and the Indus Valley civilization, Multan's region has been a vibrant center of various civilizations throughout its 5,000-year span.

Rawalpindi: Rawalpindi is a populous city in Punjab, Pakistan, closely located to the capital Islamabad. It is ranked fourth most populous in Pakistan and third in Punjab. The city is known as one of the "twin cities" along with Islamabad due to their close social and economic ties.

Hyderabad, Sindh: Hyderabad, Sindh is the capital city of Hyderabad Division in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is the second-largest city in Sindh and the fifth largest in Pakistan.

Karachi: Karachi is the capital city of Sindh, Pakistan and ranks as the 12th largest city globally, with a population exceeding 20 million. Situated on the Arabian Sea coast, it was previously the capital of Pakistan. Known as a beta-global city, Karachi serves as Pakistan's primary industrial and financial hub, boasting a GDP of over $200 billion. This cosmopolitan city is celebrated for its linguistic, ethnic, and religious diversity, making it one of Pakistan's most progressive and socially liberal regions.

Colombo: Colombo is the largest city in Sri Lanka with a population of 5.6 million. It serves as the financial center and a popular tourist destination. Located on the west coast, it is also called the capital, although the legislative capital is Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte. Colombo is known for its blend of modern life, colonial architecture, and vibrant atmosphere.

Phnom Penh: Phnom Penh is Cambodia's capital and largest city. It has been the national capital since the French protectorate and is now the country's economic, industrial, and cultural center. Oudong was the former capital before Phnom Penh took its place.

Bandung: Bandung is the capital city of West Java province in Indonesia and is known as the country's second-largest metropolitan area, with a population of over 11 million. Situated on the island of Java, it has cooler temperatures and is surrounded by volcanic mountains, making it a natural fortress. Bandung's elevation is 768 meters above sea level and it is located around 140 kilometers southeast of Jakarta. The city was chosen as the new capital by the Dutch East Indies government due to its strategic location. Additionally, Bandung has a strong economy and is ranked as the ninth-largest in ASEAN, after Greater Hanoi.

Jakarta: Jakarta is the capital and largest city of Indonesia, located on the northwest coast of Java. It is the largest metropole in Southeast Asia and serves as the diplomatic capital of ASEAN. Jakarta borders West Java and Banten provinces and faces the Java Sea. With a metropolitan area that is ASEAN's second-largest economy, it is a significant global city.

Malang: Malang is a city in East Java, Indonesia, known for its rich history dating back to the Singhasari Kingdom. It is the second most populous city in the province, with a population of around 846,126 people. The Malang Metropolitan area has a population of 3,663,691 spread across two cities and 22 districts. It is also the third largest city in East Java in terms of economy, with an estimated GDP of Rp. 44.30 trillion in 2016.

Semarang: Semarang is the capital and largest city of Central Java in Indonesia. It was a significant port during the Dutch colonial period and remains an important regional center and port today. It has been recognized as the cleanest tourist destination in Southeast Asia by the ASEAN Clean Tourist City Standard (ACTCS) for 2020–2022.

Surabaya: Surabaya is a major city in Indonesia, located in East Java. It is the second-largest city in the country and serves as a significant port. Surabaya is considered one of the four main central cities in Indonesia and has a population of over 2.8 million. The Surabaya metropolitan area is the second-largest in Indonesia and boasts a thriving economy, even surpassing Hanoi in terms of size.

Yogyakarta: Yogyakarta is the capital city of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is known for being ruled by a monarchy and is a center for classical Javanese arts and culture. Yogyakarta is famous for ballet, batik textiles, drama, literature, music, poetry, silversmithing, visual arts, and wayang puppetry. It is also a hub for education, with a large student population and prestigious schools and universities, including Gadjah Mada University.

Medan: Medan is the capital and largest city of North Sumatra, Indonesia. It is a multicultural metropolis and regional hub with international airport and major port. Medan is a financial center for Sumatra and an entry point to western Indonesia. The economy relies on trading, agriculture, and palm oil plantations. It is considered one of Indonesia's main central cities, alongside Jakarta, Surabaya, and Makassar.

Padang: Padang is the capital and largest city of West Sumatra province in Indonesia. With a population of over 900,000 people, it is the 16th most populous city in Indonesia. Padang is famous for its Minangkabau culture, cuisine, and beautiful sunset beaches. It is also home to the third most populous metropolitan area in Sumatra, with a population of over 1.4 million.

Palembang: Palembang is the capital city of South Sumatra, Indonesia. It spans both banks of the Musi River and covers 352.51 square kilometres. With a population of around 1.7 million, it is the second most populous city in Sumatra and the twelfth most populous in Indonesia.

Makassar: Makassar, formerly Ujung Pandang, is the capital of South Sulawesi province in Indonesia. It is the largest city in Eastern Indonesia and the fifth-largest urban center in the country. Makassar is situated on the southwest coast of Sulawesi, facing the Makassar Strait.

Vientiane: Located on the banks of the Mekong, Vientiane is Laos's capital and largest city. It was a French administrative capital and now serves as the economic center of the country. With a population of 1,001,477, it is situated at the Thai border.

Johor Bahru: Johor Bahru, also known as JB, is the capital city of Johor, Malaysia. It is part of the Johor Bahru District, the second largest district in Malaysia by population. JB is a major economic contributor with the second largest GDP among Malaysian cities. It is a key component of Iskandar Malaysia, the country's largest special economic zone. The city is home to a population of 858,118 people spread across 391.25 km2.

Kuala Lumpur: Kuala Lumpur, or KL, is the capital city and federal territory of Malaysia. It is the largest city in the country, spreading across 243 km2 with a population of 2.16 million. The Klang Valley, also known as Greater Kuala Lumpur, is a bustling urban area with a population of 7.56 million. This region is experiencing rapid growth in both population and economy and is considered one of the fastest-growing metropolitan regions in Southeast Asia.

Mandalay: Mandalay, Myanmar's second-largest city, is situated on the east bank of the Irrawaddy River, 631 km north of Yangon. It boasts a population of 1,225,553 people.

Yangon: Yangon, formerly Rangoon, is the capital of Yangon Region in Myanmar. It was the country's capital until 2006 when the administrative functions were moved to Naypyidaw. With over five million people, Yangon is Myanmar's largest city and main commercial center.

Manila: Manila is the capital and second-largest city of the Philippines, located on the eastern shore of Manila Bay. It is highly urbanized and known for its dense population. As the first chartered city in the country, it holds historical significance. Manila played a pivotal role in establishing global commercial networks through the galleon trade, connecting Asia with the Spanish Americas. It is one of Southeast Asia's most populous and rapidly growing cities, and Greater Manila boasts a significant economy within ASEAN.

Quezon City: Quezon City, or QC, is the largest city in the Philippines with a population of 2.96 million people. It was established on October 12, 1939, and named after Manuel L. Quezon, the country's second president.

Cebu City: Cebu City is a highly urbanized city in the Philippines, located in the Central Visayas region. It serves as the capital of the Cebu Province and is one of three cities with administrative independence. With a population of over 964,000 people, it is the most populous city in the Visayas and the sixth-most populated in the entire country.

Davao City: Davao City is a highly urbanized city in the Philippines, located in the Davao Region. With a land area of 2,443.61 km2, it is the largest city in the country. It is also the third-most populous city, with a population of 1,776,949 people. Davao City is known for its bustling urban environment and is the most populous city in Mindanao.

Bangkok: Bangkok, officially known as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, is the capital and largest city of Thailand. It spans an area of 1,568.7 square kilometers and has a population of around 10.5 million. Additionally, the Bangkok Metropolitan Region is home to over 14 million people. As an economic powerhouse, it significantly contributes to Thailand's economy, surpassing other urban centers in size and importance.

Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai is the largest city in northern Thailand and the capital of Chiang Mai province. It is located in the mountainous region called the Thai highlands, about 700 km north of Bangkok. With a population of 1.2 million people, it accounts for more than 66 percent of the total population of Chiang Mai province.

Da Nang: Da Nang is a major port city on the coast of Vietnam, located at the mouth of the Hàn River. It is the country's fifth-largest city and plays a crucial role as one of Vietnam's prominent port cities. Additionally, Da Nang holds municipality status, making it directly governed by the central government.

Haiphong: Haiphong is Vietnam's third-largest city and major port in the Red River Delta. It covers an area of 1,562 km2 with 8 urban districts and 7 rural districts, including two island regions. With a population of 2,359,000 in 2021, the city boasts a strong manufacturing economy, supported by extensive industrial parks and traditional handicraft villages.

Hanoi: Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, is the second-most populous city in the country. It is bordered by the Red River and the Black River. Hanoi consists of 12 urban districts, 17 rural districts, and 1 district-level town. With an area of 3,359.82 km2 and a population of 8,435,700, it is a significant and bustling municipality. In terms of economic growth, Hanoi has the second-highest gross regional domestic product in Vietnam, amounting to 51.4 billion USD in 2020. Additionally, Hanoi Capital is also the 8th largest economy in the ASEAN region.

Ho Chi Minh City: Ho Chi Minh City, formerly known as Saigon, is Vietnam's most populous city with a population of around 9.3 million in 2023. It is characterized by its rivers and canals, with the Saigon River being the largest. The city comprises 16 urban districts, 6 rural districts, and 1 municipal city. It serves as Vietnam's primary financial center, contributing a significant portion of the country's GDP, and is ASEAN's 6th largest economy, making it the largest outside an ASEAN country capital.

Beirut: Beirut is the capital and largest city of Lebanon, situated on a peninsula along the country's Mediterranean coast. With a population of 2.5 million, it is the third-largest city in the Levant and thirteenth-largest in the Arab world. Having a history of over 5,000 years, Beirut is one of the oldest cities globally.

Doha: Doha is the capital and financial center of Qatar, located on the Persian Gulf coast. It houses the majority of Qatar's population and is the country's fastest-growing city.

Kuwait City: Kuwait City is the capital and largest city of Kuwait, situated on the southern coast of Kuwait Bay. It serves as the political, cultural, and economic hub of the emirate, hosting landmarks like Seif Palace and government offices. It also houses the headquarters of major Kuwaiti corporations and banks. Known for its scorching summers, the city experiences average high temperatures surpassing 45°C (113°F) for three months annually.

Baku: Baku is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, located on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula. It is the lowest lying national capital in the world, sitting 28 meters below sea level. Baku is also the largest city below sea level globally. With a population of around two million, it is the sole metropolis in Azerbaijan and 25% of the country's residents live in its metropolitan area.

Tbilisi: Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, is a city with a population of around 1.2 million people. It was founded in the fifth century AD and has since been the capital of several Georgian kingdoms and republics. From 1801 to 1917, Tbilisi served as the seat of the Caucasus Viceroyalty under the Russian Empire, governing the northern and southern regions of the Caucasus. Tbilisi is also known by its pre-1936 name, Tiflis.

Yerevan: Yerevan, the capital city of Armenia, is one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities. It is located along the Hrazdan River and serves as the administrative, cultural, and industrial center of the country. Yerevan has been the capital since 1918 and is the fourteenth in the history of Armenia. It is also the seat of the Araratian Pontifical Diocese, the largest diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church and one of the oldest in the world.

Baghdad: Baghdad is the capital of Iraq, situated on the Tigris river. It became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate in 762 AD, leading to its remarkable growth as a cultural and intellectual hub in the Muslim world. The city housed renowned institutions like the House of Wisdom, attracting diverse groups of scholars and cementing its reputation as the "Center of Learning."

Basra: Basra is a city in southern Iraq on the Shatt al-Arab. With an estimated population of 1.4 million in 2018, it serves as Iraq's main port. Although lacking deep water access, the construction of the Grand Faw Port is underway to address this. Once completed, it will become one of the world's largest ports and enhance Iraq's geopolitical position. Additionally, Iraq aims to establish a significant naval base in the Faw peninsula.

Mosul: Mosul is a major city in northern Iraq and the capital of Nineveh Governorate. It is the second-largest city in Iraq after Baghdad, with a population of over 3.7 million. Located 400 km north of Baghdad on the Tigris river, Mosul has grown to include substantial areas on both riverbanks. The city also includes the ruins of the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh, once the largest city in the world.

Ahvaz: Ahvaz is the capital city of Ahvaz County, Khuzestan province, Iran. It is a diverse city with a population of about 1,184,788. The region is home to Persians, Arabs, Bakhtiaris, Dezfulis, Shushtaris, and others. The languages spoken here include Persian, Arabic, Luri, Dezfuli, Shushtari, and more. The city, along with the nearby town of Sheybani, is inhabited by over 1.2 million people.

Isfahan: Isfahan is a major city in Iran, located 440 kilometers south of Tehran. It serves as the capital of Isfahan Province and has a population of around 2.2 million. Isfahan is the third-most populous city in Iran and the second-largest metropolitan area after Tehran.

Kermanshah: Kermanshah is the capital city of Kermanshah Province in western Iran, situated about 525 kilometers from Tehran. It has a population of 946,651 people, as reported by the 2016 census.

Mashhad: Mashhad, also known as Mashad, was once the capital of Persia during the Afsharid dynasty. It is now the second-largest city in Iran, located about 900 kilometers northeast of Tehran. Serving as the capital of Razavi Khorasan Province, Mashhad has a population of approximately 3.4 million and includes the areas of Mashhad Taman and Torqabeh.

Qom: Qom is the capital city of Qom province in Iran, located 140 km south of Tehran. It serves as the capital of the province, county, and district. Qom is the seventh largest metropolis and city in Iran, situated on the banks of the Qom River.

Shiraz: Shiraz is Iran's fifth-largest city, serving as the capital of Fars Province. With a population of 1.5 million in 2016 and reaching 1.9 million in 2021, it has a long history as a regional trade hub. Situated in southwestern Iran, Shiraz enjoys a moderate climate and is located near the seasonal river Rudkhaneye Khoshk.

Tabriz: Tabriz is a populous city in northwestern Iran and serves as the capital of both the East Azerbaijan province and its county. It is located in the Central District and ranks as the sixth-largest city in Iran.

Tehran: Tehran is the capital and largest city of Iran with a population of around 9 million. It is also the most populous city in Western Asia and has the second-largest metropolitan area in the Middle East. The city is ranked 24th in the world by metropolitan area population.

Jerusalem: Jerusalem is an ancient city in West Asia, considered holy by Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It is located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. Israel and Palestine both claim it as their capital, but international recognition is limited.

Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv, also known as Tel Aviv-Yafo, is the economic and technological hub of Israel. Situated on the Mediterranean coastline, it is the most populous city in the Gush Dan metropolitan area with a population of 467,875. Tel Aviv holds the title of the country's second-largest city after Jerusalem if East Jerusalem is included, but the most populous city if East Jerusalem is excluded. It serves as a major center for commerce and innovation in Israel.

Amman: Amman is the capital and largest city of Jordan, functioning as its economic, political, and cultural hub. It has a population of 4,061,150, making it Jordan's primate city and the largest in the Levant region. It is also the fifth-largest city in the Arab world and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the Middle East.

Muscat: Muscat is the capital and largest city in Oman, with a population of 1.72 million. It is known for its historical trade importance and has been ruled by various indigenous tribes and foreign powers throughout history. Muscat's influence extended to East Africa and it attracted traders and settlers from different regions. Since the 1970s, it has undergone rapid development, leading to a vibrant economy and a diverse society. Muscat is classified as a Beta-Global City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.

Gaza City: Gaza City, located in the Gaza Strip, is the largest city in the State of Palestine, with a population of 590,481.

Jeddah: Jeddah is a port city in Saudi Arabia, located along the Red Sea coast. It has served as a commercial center and a travel hub for Muslim pilgrims going to Mecca since 647. Jeddah has been the gateway for millions of pilgrims, historically by sea and now by air.

Mecca: Mecca is the holiest city in Islam and the capital of Mecca Province in western Saudi Arabia. It is situated inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, at an elevation of 277 m (909 ft) above sea level. The city's population reached 1.58 million people in 2015 and is estimated to have grown to 2.04 million in 2020. Mecca attracts millions of pilgrims each year during the Ḥajj pilgrimage, observed in the twelfth month of Dhūl-Ḥijjah.

Medina: Medina, also known as Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, is the capital of Medina Province in western Saudi Arabia. It is one of the holiest cities in Islam, with an estimated population of 1,488,782 as of 2020. Spread over 589 km2, it has an urban area of 293 km2, while the rest is occupied by the Hejaz Mountains, valleys, agricultural spaces, and dormant volcanoes.

Riyadh: Riyadh, initially called Hajr al-Yamamah, serves as the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia. It is the center of the Riyadh Province and the Riyadh Governorate.

Aleppo: Aleppo is a major city in Syria, once the country's largest, now second to Damascus. It serves as the capital of Aleppo Governorate and is highly populous. The city is situated in the northern regions of Syria and is considered one of the largest cities in the Levant region.

Damascus: Damascus, the capital of Syria, is the world's oldest capital and considered by some as the fourth holiest city in Islam. Known as aš-Šām in Syria, it is called the "City of Jasmine" and serves as a significant cultural hub in the Levant and the Arab world.

Adana: Adana is a major city in southern Turkey, located on the Seyhan River, about 35 km from the Mediterranean Sea. It serves as the administrative center of Adana province. With a population of 1,779,463, it ranks fifth among the most populous cities in Turkey.

Ankara: Ankara, historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. With a population of 5.1 million in the urban center and 5.7 million in Ankara Province, it is the second-largest city in Turkey after Istanbul. It is located in the central part of Anatolia and covers an expansive urban area of 2,767 km2.

Antalya: Antalya, Turkey's fifth-most populous city and capital of Antalya Province, is renowned as the "capital of tourism." Situated on the southwest coast of Anatolia and flanked by the majestic Taurus Mountains, it stands as the largest city on the Mediterranean coast, excluding the Aegean region. With a metropolitan population of over 2.6 million people, Antalya holds significant importance in Turkish history and culture.

Bursa: Bursa is a major city in northwestern Turkey and the administrative center of Bursa Province. It is the country's fourth-most populous city, a prominent industrial center, and a hub for automotive production in Turkey.

Eskişehir: Eskişehir is a city in northwestern Turkey, serving as the capital of the Eskişehir Province. It has a population of 898,369 and is situated on the banks of the Porsuk River, 792 m above sea level. The city boasts hot springs and is surrounded by the fertile Phrygian Valley. Eskişehir is known as a university town, housing Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, and Anadolu University. It is located in close proximity to the ancient city of Dorylaeum and spans an area of 2,678 km2.

Gaziantep: Gaziantep, formerly known as Aintab and informally as Antep, is a major city in south-central Turkey. It serves as the capital of Gaziantep Province, lies in the Southeastern Anatolia and Mediterranean Regions, and is situated on the Sajur River. This historical city is believed to be located on the site of ancient Antiochia ad Taurum and is in close proximity to ancient Zeugma.

Istanbul: Istanbul is Turkey's largest city, acting as its economic, cultural, and historic center. Straddling the Bosporus Strait, it is located in both Europe and Asia with a population of over 15 million, representing 19% of Turkey's population. Istanbul is the most populous European city and the 15th largest globally.

İzmir: İzmir, a metropolitan city on the west coast of Anatolia, is the third most populous city in Turkey. It is the capital of İzmir Province and the largest urban agglomeration on the Aegean Sea.

Abu Dhabi: Abu Dhabi is the capital city of the United Arab Emirates and the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. It is the second-most populous city in the UAE and serves as the center for the Abu Dhabi Metropolitan Area.

Dubai: Dubai, the largest city in the UAE, is also the capital of the Emirate of Dubai. It is highly populous and one of the seven emirates in the country.

Aden: Aden is a vital port city located in Yemen, serving as a pivotal maritime hub connecting Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. Its strategic position lies near the eastern approach to the Red Sea, approximately 170 km east of the Bab-el-Mandeb strait. With a population of around 1,080,000 residents, it stands as one of Yemen's largest cities.

Sanaa: Sanaa, also known as Sana'a or Sana, is the capital and largest city of Yemen. It is located in the separate administrative district of ʾAmānat al-ʿĀṣimah and is the capital of the Sanaa Governorate. Despite the government's move to Aden in 2015, Sanaa remains the constitutional capital of Yemen.

Minsk: Minsk is the capital and largest city of Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Niamiha rivers. With a population of two million, it is the 11th-most populous city in Europe. Minsk holds a special administrative status in Belarus, serving as the administrative center of Minsk Region and District. Additionally, it is an administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).

Sofia: Sofia is Bulgaria's capital and largest city, located in the Western part of the country. Situated at the skirts of Vitosha mountain, it is built around the Iskar river and known for its natural mineral springs, like the Sofia Central Mineral Baths. The city has a continental climate and is strategically located in the center of the Balkans, making it a midpoint between the Black Sea, Adriatic Sea, and Aegean Sea.

Zagreb: Zagreb is Croatia's capital and largest city, situated along the Sava river and surrounded by the Medvednica mountain. It stands near the Croatian-Slovenian border and sits at an elevation of 158 m (518 ft) above sea level. With a population of 767,131, it forms an urban agglomeration of over one million people.

Sarajevo: Sarajevo, the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is situated in the Balkans. It has a population of 275,524, expanding to 555,210 in the broader metropolitan area. The city is nestled within the picturesque Sarajevo valley, enveloped by the stunning Dinaric Alps and placed along the Miljacka River.

Prague: Prague, the Czech Republic's capital, is also the largest city and historical capital of Bohemia. Situated on the Vltava river, it is home to around 1.3 million inhabitants. The city boasts a temperate oceanic climate with mild summers and cold winters.

Budapest: Budapest is the capital and largest city of Hungary, situated on the Danube river. It has a population of about 1.75 million within city limits and is the 9th largest city in the European Union. The Budapest metropolitan area, with a population of 3.3 million, serves as the country's center. Overall, Budapest is a significant primate city, accounting for one-third of Hungary's population.

Gdańsk: Gdańsk, a city in northern Poland, is the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is a major seaport and the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area, with a population of 486,492.

Łódź: Łódź, a city in central Poland, is a former industrial center and the capital of Łódź Voivodeship. It is situated about 120 km (75 mi) southwest of Warsaw. With a population of 655,279, as of 2023, it is the country's fourth largest city.

Kraków: Kraków, also spelled Cracow, is Poland's second-largest city and one of the oldest. It was the official capital until 1596 and remains a center of academic, economic, cultural, and artistic pursuits. Situated on the Vistula River, it boasts a beautiful Old Town with the renowned Wawel Royal Castle, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978.

Poznań: Poznań is a major city in west-central Poland along the River Warta. It is known for its rich culture, business activities, and unique regional customs. The city boasts notable attractions such as the Renaissance Old Town, Town Hall, and Gothic Cathedral.

Warsaw: Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland, located on the River Vistula. It has a population of 1.86 million residents within a metropolitan area of 3.1 million. With an area of 517 square kilometers, it is the 6th most-populous city in the European Union. Warsaw is an alpha global city and serves as the country's seat of government. It is also the capital of the Masovian Voivodeship.

Wrocław: Wrocław, located in southwestern Poland, is the largest city in the historical region of Silesia. Situated on the banks of the Oder and surrounded by the Silesian Lowlands, it is about 40 kilometers from the Sudeten Mountains. With an official population of approximately 674,132 in 2023, Wrocław is the third largest city in Poland. The city's metropolitan area has a population of around 1.25 million.

Bucharest: Bucharest is the capital and largest city of Romania. It is a cultural, financial, and entertainment center with a significant influence in Eastern Europe. The city is known for hosting important summits and has a strong presence in education, tourism, research, technology, healthcare, art, fashion, sports, and politics. Bucharest is a major economic hub, particularly in IT, finance, and manufacturing. It boasts improved infrastructure and is situated in the southeast of Romania, near the Danube River and the Bulgarian border. The city is densely populated, both within the European Union and in Eastern Europe. It served as the capital of Wallachia and the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in the past.

Moscow: Moscow, the capital and largest city of Russia, is located on the Moskva River in Central Russia. Its population exceeds 13 million within the city limits, 18.8 million in the urban area, and 21.5 million in the metropolitan area. Covering 2,511 square kilometers, it is one of the largest cities in the world, boasting the largest urban and metropolitan area in Europe. Moscow is also Europe's most populous city and holds the distinction of being the largest city by land area on the European continent.

Vladivostok: Vladivostok is the largest city in Primorsky Krai, Russia's far east, situated near the Golden Horn Bay on the Sea of Japan. It spans 331.16 sq km with a population of 600,871 as of 2021. It is the second largest city in the Far Eastern Federal District and is located about 45 km from the China-Russia border.

Saint Petersburg: Saint Petersburg, formerly Petrograd and later Leningrad, is Russia's second-largest city and fourth-most populous in Europe. Located on the River Neva, it is the world's northernmost city with over 1 million residents. As a historically important port, it was Russia's Imperial capital and now governed as a federal city.

Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk, the largest city in Siberia and third-largest in Russia, is the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast and the Siberian Federal District. Situated on the banks of the Ob River, it has a population of 1,633,595 as per the 2021 Census.

Omsk: Omsk, the administrative center of Omsk Oblast, is the third largest city in Siberia and twelfth-largest in Russia. It has a population of over 1.1 million and serves as a major transportation hub for the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Irtysh River.

Rostov-on-Don: Rostov-on-Don is a port city in Russia, serving as the administrative center of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District. Located on the Don River, it is situated 32 kilometers from the Sea of Azov and north of the North Caucasus. The city has over one million residents and is known for being a significant cultural hub in Southern Russia.

Volgograd: Volgograd, formerly Tsaritsyn and Stalingrad, is the largest city and administrative center of Volgograd Oblast, Russia. It's situated on the western bank of the Volga River, spanning 859.4 square kilometers with a population of over one million people. It ranks as the 16th largest city in Russia by population, the second largest in the Southern Federal District, and the fourth largest city on the Volga.

Chelyabinsk: Chelyabinsk is a major city in Russia, serving as the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast. It is the second-largest city in the Ural Federal District and the seventh-largest city in the country, with a population exceeding 1.1 million people. Situated along the Miass River, it lies to the east of the Ural Mountains.

Yekaterinburg: Yekaterinburg, also known as Ekaterinburg, is a major city in Russia, serving as the administrative center of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Ural Federal District. Situated on the Iset River, it lies between the Volga-Ural region and Siberia. With a population of around 1.5 million residents, it is the fourth-largest city in Russia and the largest in the Ural Federal District. Yekaterinburg is renowned for its cultural and industrial significance, often referred to as the "Third capital of Russia". It boasts a thriving economy, vibrant culture, efficient transportation, and a flourishing tourism sector. Formerly known as Sverdlovsk, the city has played a crucial role in shaping the nation's history.

Kazan: Kazan is the capital of Tatarstan, Russia, located at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers. It is the largest city on the Volga and the fifth-largest in Russia. With a population of over 1.3 million residents, it covers an area of 425.3 square kilometers. Kazan is also the most populous city in the Volga Federal District, with a metropolitan area population of nearly 2 million.

Nizhny Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod, also known as Nizhny, is the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and the Volga Federal District in Russia. It is the sixth-largest city in Russia, with a population of over 1.2 million residents. Located at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga rivers, it is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational, and cultural hub. Nizhny Novgorod is known for its universities, theaters, museums, and churches, and is a popular destination for river tourism.

Samara: Samara, formerly known as Kuybyshev, is a major city and administrative center in Russia. It is situated at the meeting point of the Volga and Samara rivers. With a population of over 1.14 million residents (1.22 million in the urban area), it is the eighth-largest city in Russia and the third most populous on the Volga. Covering an area of 541.382 square kilometers, Samara is part of the Volga Federal District.

Ufa: Ufa is the capital of Bashkortostan, Russia, located at the confluence of the Belaya and Ufa rivers. It is the largest city in the region and has a population of over 1.1 million residents, making it the fourth-most populous city in the Volga Federal District.

Belgrade: Belgrade, the capital and largest city of Serbia, is situated at the meeting point of the Sava and Danube rivers. Positioned at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula, it is recognized as a major city in Southeast Europe. With a population of 1,681,405 in the Belgrade metropolitan area, it ranks as the third most populous city on the Danube river.

Bratislava: Bratislava, also known as Preßburg (Pressburg), is Slovakia's capital and largest city. It has a population of around 475,000 officially, but it is estimated to be over 660,000. Situated in southwestern Slovakia, it is located at the foot of the Little Carpathians and occupies both banks of the Danube River and the left bank of the Morava River. Bratislava is unique among national capitals as it borders Austria and Hungary, making it the only one to border two sovereign states.

Dnipro: Dnipro, formerly known as Dnipropetrovsk, is the fourth-largest city in Ukraine with a population of one million. It is situated in the eastern part of the country, 391 km southeast of Kyiv, on the Dnipro River. As the administrative center of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, it is also home to the administration of Dnipro urban hromada.

Donetsk: Donetsk, once known by various names like Aleksandrovka, Yuzivka, Stalin, and Stalino, is an important industrial city in eastern Ukraine. It is located on the Kalmius River in Donetsk Oblast, which is currently occupied by Russia. With a population estimated at 901,645 in the city center and over 2 million in the metropolitan area, Donetsk was Ukraine's fifth-largest city according to the 2001 census.

Kharkiv: Kharkiv, or Kharkov, is Ukraine's second-largest city and the administrative center of Kharkiv Oblast. It is located in the northeast of the country and has a population of 1,421,125. Known as the largest city in the historic region of Sloboda Ukraine, it is also the center of Kharkiv Raion.

Kyiv: Kyiv is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, situated in north-central Ukraine on the Dnieper River. With a population of 2,952,301, it is the seventh-most populous city in Europe. Known for its significance in industry, science, education, and culture in Eastern Europe, Kyiv boasts high-tech industries, renowned universities, and notable landmarks. The city also offers an extensive public transport system, including the Kyiv Metro.

Lviv: Lviv, the largest city in western Ukraine, has a population of 717,273. It serves as the administrative center of Lviv Oblast and is a major cultural hub. Named after Leo, the son of King Daniel of Ruthenia, it also hosts the administration of Lviv urban hromada.

Odesa: Odesa is a major seaport and transport hub in Ukraine, located on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. It is the third most populous city in the country and serves as the administrative centre of Odesa Raion and Odesa Oblast. This multiethnic cultural centre has a population of approximately 1,010,537 as of January 2021. Unfortunately, due to the bombing during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, its historic city centre was declared a World Heritage Site in danger by UNESCO on 25 January 2023. This recognition acknowledges Odesa's significant contributions to cinema, literature, and the arts.

Copenhagen: Copenhagen, the capital and largest city of Denmark, is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager. With a population of approximately 660,000 in the municipality and 1.4 million in the urban area, it is also Scandinavia's most populous city. Copenhagen is separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the Øresund strait, which is bridged by the Øresund Bridge for easy rail and road connectivity between the two cities.

Tallinn: Tallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia, situated on the Gulf of Finland. It is a major center for government, finance, industry, and culture. With a population of approximately 454,000, it is located northwest of Tartu and south of Helsinki. Tallinn was formerly known as Reval and has historical significance spanning centuries.

Helsinki: Helsinki is the capital and largest city in Finland, located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland. It has a population of 673,011 and a thriving urban area of 1,360,075. Helsinki is a major center for politics, education, finance, culture, and research in Finland. It is strategically situated with close historical links to Tallinn, Estonia, Stockholm, Sweden, and Saint Petersburg, Russia.

Riga: Riga is the capital and largest city of Latvia, with a population of roughly 609,489 people. It is also the primate city, accounting for about a third of the country's total population. Located at the mouth of the Daugava river on the Gulf of Riga, it sits at a flat and sandy plain about 1-10 meters above sea level. The city covers an area of 307.17 km2 and is part of a metropolitan area with an estimated population of 860,142.

Vilnius: Vilnius is the capital and largest city of Lithuania, with an estimated population of 593,436 as of July 2023. The urban area extends beyond the city limits, and in 2020, it had around 718,507 residents. By November 2023, the combined population of the city and district municipalities reached approximately 768,342.

Oslo: Oslo is the capital and largest city of Norway, serving as both a county and municipality. With a population of 709,037 in 2022, the city also comprises a greater urban area of 1,064,235 residents. Its metropolitan area had an estimated population of 1,546,706 in 2021.

Stockholm: Stockholm is the capital and largest city of Sweden, with a population of approximately 1 million people in the municipality and 2.1 million in the urban area. It is located across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren meets the Baltic Sea and is surrounded by the Stockholm archipelago. The city has a rich history dating back to the Stone Age and was officially founded in 1252. Stockholm serves as the county seat of Stockholm County.

Vienna: Vienna, the capital of Austria, is the country's largest city and a major cultural, economic, and political center. With a population of approximately two million, it is Austria's most populous city and located on the Danube river. Vienna is also the fifth-largest city in the European Union.

Antwerp: Antwerp is a city and municipality in Flemish Region, Belgium. It is the capital of Antwerp Province, the largest city, and the third largest in Belgium. With a population of 536,079, it is also the most populous municipality in the country. The metropolitan area has over 1,200,000 people, making it the second-largest in Belgium after Brussels.

Brussels: Brussels is the capital and central region of Belgium, consisting of 19 municipalities. It is part of both the French and Flemish communities but separate from the Flemish and Walloon regions.

Bordeaux: Bordeaux is a port city in southwestern France, situated on the Garonne river. It serves as the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region and the Gironde department. Its residents are known as "Bordelais" or "Bordelaises." This term can also encompass the city and its surrounding region.

Lyon: Lyon, or Lyons, is the third-largest city in France, situated at the confluence of the Rhône and Saône rivers. It is located northwest of the French Alps and is approximately 391 km southeast of Paris. Lyon is 278 km north of Marseille, 113 km southwest of Geneva, and 58 km northeast of Saint-Étienne.

Marseille: Marseille is the capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southern France, located on the Mediterranean coast near the Rhône river. It is the prefecture of the Bouches-du-Rhône department, known for its vibrant inhabitants known as Marseillais.

Nantes: Nantes is the sixth largest city in France, located in Loire-Atlantique on the Loire River. It has a population of 320,732 in the city and close to 1 million in its metropolitan area. Nantes is known for its proximity to the Atlantic coast and its connection with Saint-Nazaire, forming a significant metropolitan region in north-western France.

Nice: Nice is a city in the Alpes-Maritimes department, France, known for its location on the French Riviera. It has a population of around one million and covers an area of 744 km2. Nice is the second-largest city on the Mediterranean coast, after Marseille, and is close to Monaco and the French–Italian border. The city's airport serves as a gateway to the region.

Paris: Paris is the capital and largest city of France, with a population of over 2.1 million people. It is a prominent global center for finance, culture, commerce, and fashion. Considered the City of Light, Paris has played a significant role in the arts and sciences and is renowned for its extensive street lighting system.

Strasbourg: Strasbourg, located on the border between France and Germany, is the largest city and prefecture of the Grand Est region in eastern France. As the official seat of the European Parliament, it holds great political significance.

Toulouse: Toulouse, located on the River Garonne, is the prefecture of Haute-Garonne and Occitania. With a population of over half a million, it is the fourth-largest city in France. The metropolitan area boasts 1.5 million inhabitants and shows rapid growth.

Berlin: Berlin is Germany's capital and largest city, with a population of over 3.85 million. It is also the most populous city in the European Union. The urban area has about 4.5 million residents, making it the largest in Germany. Berlin is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg and its capital, Potsdam. The Berlin-Brandenburg capital region has a population of around 6.2 million and is the second-largest metropolitan region in Germany. It is also ranked as the sixth-largest metropolitan region by GDP in the European Union.

Cologne: Cologne is the largest city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-most populous city in Germany. It has over 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and over 3.1 million people in the surrounding urban region. Located on the left bank of the Rhine River, Cologne is about 35 km southeast of the capital Düsseldorf and 25 km northwest of Bonn, the former capital of West Germany.

Dresden: Dresden, the capital city of Saxony in Germany, is the second most populous city after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city in Germany, fourth largest by area, and third most populous in former East Germany. The urban area includes towns like Freital, Pirna, and Radebeul, with a total population of around 790,000. The Dresden metropolitan area has roughly 1.34 million inhabitants.

Düsseldorf: Düsseldorf is the capital of Germany's most populous state, North Rhine-Westphalia. It is the second-largest city in the state, after Cologne, and the seventh-largest in Germany, with a population of 653,253.

Frankfurt: Frankfurt, officially known as Frankfurt am Main, is a populous city in the German state of Hesse. It is the fifth-most populous city in Germany and an "alpha world city." Located on the Main River, it forms a larger urban area with Offenbach am Main. It is the heart of the Rhine-Main metropolitan region, Germany's second-largest metropolitan region. Frankfurt's central business district is about 90 km northwest of the EU's geographic center. The city derives its name from the Franks and is the largest city in the Rhenish Franconian dialect area.

Hamburg: Hamburg is the second-largest city in Germany and the eighth-largest in the European Union. It has a population of over 1.9 million with a total of 5.1 million in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Situated on the River Elbe, it is known for its thriving port, which is the largest in Germany and the third-largest in Europe. Hamburg is one of Germany's three city-states and is surrounded by Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony. The local dialect is a variant of Low Saxon.

Munich: Munich is the capital of Bavaria and the third-largest city in Germany, with a population of over 1.5 million. It is not its own state, but it is the 11th largest city in the EU. The city's metropolitan region is home to around six million people and has the third largest GDP in the EU.

Nuremberg: Nuremberg is the largest city in Franconia and the second-largest city in Bavaria, Germany, with a population of 545,000. It ranks as the 14th largest city in the country.

Stuttgart: Stuttgart is the capital of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, and is situated in a fertile valley called Stuttgarter Kessel. It has a population of 635,911, making it the sixth largest city in Germany. The city's administrative region has over 2.8 million people, and its metropolitan area has nearly 5.5 million people, ranking it fourth in Germany. Stuttgart is known for its strong economy, with consistently high GDP rankings among European metropolitan areas. It is also recognized for its quality of living and innovation. Additionally, Stuttgart hosted official FIFA World Cup tournaments in 1974 and 2006.

Dublin: Dublin is Ireland's capital and largest city, situated on a bay where the River Liffey meets the sea. It belongs to the province of Leinster and is bordered by the Dublin Mountains. In 2022, the city had a population of 592,713, while the wider Dublin City and its suburbs reached 1,263,219 inhabitants. County Dublin's population stands at 1,501,500.

Amsterdam: Amsterdam is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, known as the "Venice of the North" due to its extensive canal system. It has a population of 921,402, with a total of 1,457,018 in the urban area and 2,480,394 in the metropolitan area. The Hague serves as the seat of government. The city is located in the North Holland province and its canals have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Hague: The Hague is a city in the Netherlands, serving as the administrative center and seat of government. It is the capital of the province of South Holland and has been considered the de facto capital of the country. Situated on the west coast, facing the North Sea, it plays a significant role in the nation's governance despite Amsterdam being the official capital.

Rotterdam: Rotterdam, the Netherlands' second-largest city, is located in South Holland. Situated at the North Sea mouth of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta, it is connected to the Meuse and Rhine through the "New Meuse" shipping channel.

Geneva: Geneva, a city in Switzerland, is the country's second-most populous and the largest French-speaking city in the region called Romandy. Situated in the southwest, it serves as the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva. Known for its international diplomacy, Geneva is home to a plethora of international organizations, making it the global hub for such institutions.

Zürich: Zürich is Switzerland's largest city and the capital of the canton of Zürich. It is located in north-central Switzerland, by Lake Zürich. The municipality has over 443,037 inhabitants, with a wider urban area of 1.315 million people. Zürich is a major transportation hub with busy railways, roads, and an international airport.

Birmingham: Birmingham is the second-largest city in Britain, located in the West Midlands of England. It has a population of 1.145 million and is commonly known as the second city of the United Kingdom. Birmingham is part of the West Midlands conurbation, including Wolverhampton, Dudley, and Solihull, with a wider metropolitan area population of 4.3 million, making it the largest outside of London.

Leeds: Leeds is the largest settlement in Yorkshire, England, and serves as the administrative center for the City of Leeds Metropolitan Borough. Situated around the River Aire and in the eastern foothills of the Pennines, it was originally a small manorial borough in the 13th century and later grew into a bustling market town. Over the centuries, Leeds became renowned as a significant production and trading hub, playing a crucial role in the invention of carbonated water in the 1760s.

Liverpool: Liverpool is a city and borough in Merseyside, North West England, with a population of 486,100. It lies on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary, near the Irish Sea, about 178 miles from London. Liverpool is the largest settlement in the Liverpool City Region, which has a population of 1,551,722. The wider Liverpool built-up area is the third largest in England and Wales outside of London. The region has political boundaries and economic ties with neighboring counties.

London: London is the capital and largest city of England and the UK, situated on the River Thames. It has a population of around 8.8 million and has been a major settlement for almost 2,000 years. The City of London is the ancient core and financial center, founded by the Romans as Londinium. The City of Westminster, located to the west, houses the national government and parliament. London refers to the entire metropolis, historically spread across multiple counties, but since 1965 it is mainly comprised of Greater London, governed by 33 local authorities and the Greater London Authority.

Manchester: Manchester, a city in Greater Manchester, England, has a population of 552,000. It is surrounded by the Cheshire Plain, Pennines, and Salford. The city shares borders with Trafford, Stockport, Tameside, Oldham, Rochdale, Bury, and Salford.

Edinburgh: Edinburgh is Scotland's capital city, situated in south-east Scotland. It is surrounded by the Firth of Forth estuary and the Pentland Hills. With a population of around 506,520, it ranks as the second-most populous city in Scotland and seventh in the United Kingdom.

Glasgow: Glasgow is Scotland's largest city and the third-largest city in the UK and Europe. It has a population of approximately 632,350 in the city and 1,028,220 in the urban area. Originally part of Lanarkshire, it became a county in 1893 and now includes former settlements of Renfrewshire and Dunbartonshire. Glasgow is a council area in Scotland, managed by the Glasgow City Council.

Cardiff: Cardiff is the capital and largest city of Wales, situated in the southeast of the country. It has a population of about 362,310 in 2021 and is part of the City and County of Cardiff. Formerly a small port town, its growth was accelerated by coal mining in the region. Cardiff is the county town of Glamorgan and has been the capital of Wales since 1955. It is also a member of the Eurocities network. The Cardiff Built-up Area extends beyond the county boundary, including the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth.

Belfast: Belfast, the capital of Northern Ireland, is the largest city on the east coast, situated along the River Lagan. It is the 10th-largest urban area in the UK and the second-largest city on the island. In 2021, the city had a population of 293,298, while its metropolitan area was home to 671,559 people in 2011. The Belfast Local Government District had a population of 345,418 in 2021.

Athens: Athens is a coastal urban area and the capital of Greece. It is the fifth largest urban area in the EU, with a population of over five million. The city has a rich history dating back over 3,400 years and is one of the oldest cities in the world. It is named after Athena, the goddess of wisdom.

Genoa: Genoa is the capital of Liguria in Italy, serving as its largest city with a population of over half a million. It is also the sixth-largest city in Italy. Located along the Italian Riviera, the wider metropolitan area exceeds 1.5 million inhabitants.

Florence: Florence, the capital of Tuscany in Italy, is a bustling city with a population of 360,930 as of 2023. It holds the distinction of being the most populous city in Tuscany and boasts a metropolitan area with 984,991 residents.

Milan: Milan is a major city in Northern Italy, known as the economic capital of the country. It is the second-most populous city in Italy, with a population of about 1.4 million, and the fourth largest urban area in the European Union. Milan is renowned as a global financial center and the regional capital of Lombardy. Additionally, it has a metropolitan area with an estimated population between 4.9 to 7.4 million, making it the largest in Italy and one of the largest in the EU.

Naples: Naples is the capital of Campania and the third-largest city in Italy. It has a population of over 909,000 within the city limits and over 3.1 million in the surrounding metropolitan area. The city extends beyond its walls for about 20 miles and is a major center in southern Italy.

Palermo: Palermo is a historic city in southern Italy and serves as the capital of both Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo. With a rich history of over 2,700 years, the city is renowned for its culture, architecture, gastronomy, and significant role throughout the years. Located on the northwest part of the island of Sicily, Palermo lies by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea.

Rome: Rome is the capital city of Italy, located in the Lazio region. It is the most populous city in the country, with about 2.9 million residents. Rome is known for being the center of the Catholic Church and is often called the Eternal City. It has a rich history and is considered the cradle of Western civilization. Vatican City, an independent country, is located within Rome's boundaries.

Syracuse, Sicily: Syracuse, Sicily is a historic city known for its Greek and Roman history, culture, and architecture. It is the birthplace of renowned mathematician Archimedes. As a major power in the ancient Mediterranean world, Syracuse played a significant role. Situated in the southeast corner of Sicily, it is located near the Gulf of Syracuse and the Ionian Sea. The city sits on elevated land, although it is generally not hilly.

Turin: Turin, an important business and cultural center in Northern Italy, serves as the capital city of Piedmont and the Metropolitan City of Turin. From 1861 to 1865, it was the first capital of Italy. Located on the western bank of the Po River, below the Susa Valley, Turin is surrounded by the western Alpine arch and Superga hill. With a population of 843,514 in the city proper and an estimated 1.7 million in the urban area, it forms part of the Turin metropolitan area, which has a population of 2.2 million according to the OECD.

Venice: Venice is a city in northeastern Italy, known as the capital of the Veneto region. It is situated on 126 islands separated by canals and open water, connected by 472 bridges in the Venetian Lagoon. The city has around 258,685 residents, with 51,000 living in the historical island of Venice and the rest on the mainland. Venice is part of the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area, with a total population of 2.6 million.

Lisbon: Lisbon is the capital and largest city of Portugal, located on the western portion of the Iberian Peninsula. With a population of around 549,000, it is mainland Europe's westernmost capital and the only one along the Atlantic coast. Lisbon is known for its location on the River Tagus and its beautiful Portuguese Riviera, which includes Cabo da Roca, the westernmost point of Continental Europe.

Barcelona: Barcelona is the capital of Catalonia and the second-largest city in Spain. It has a population of 1.6 million within the city limits, and around 4.8 million people in its urban area. Situated on the northeastern coast of Spain, Barcelona is one of the largest metropolises on the Mediterranean Sea. It is known for its location between the Llobregat and Besòs rivers, with the Serra de Collserola mountain range to the west.

Madrid: Madrid, the capital and most populous city of Spain, has a population of 3.4 million and a metropolitan area of 6.7 million. It is the EU's second-largest city and its monocentric metropolitan area is also the second-largest in the EU. Spanning over 604.3 km2, Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in central Iberian Peninsula at 650 meters above sea level. As the capital of both Spain and the autonomous community of Madrid, it serves as the political, economic, and cultural hub of the country. The city experiences hot summers and cool winters.

Seville: Seville is the capital and largest city of Andalusia, located on the Guadalquivir River in southwest Spain.

Valencia: Valencia is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia in Spain, with a population of 792,492. It is also the capital of the province with the same name. The city forms part of a larger urban area with around 1.6 million residents, making it one of the major urban areas in the Mediterranean region. It is situated on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Turia River, near the Gulf of Valencia and north of the Albufera lagoon.

Zaragoza: Zaragoza, also called Saragossa, is the capital city of Zaragoza province and Aragon autonomous community, Spain. Situated along the Ebro river and its tributaries, Huerva and Gállego, it occupies a central location within both Aragon and the Ebro basin.

Adelaide: Adelaide is the capital and largest city of South Australia, and the fifth most populous city in Australia. It encompasses both Greater Adelaide and the Adelaide city centre. The residents of Adelaide are referred to as Adelaideans, and the city's Traditional Owners are the Kaurna people. The Kaurna language refers to the city centre and surrounding Park Lands as Tarndanya.

Brisbane: Brisbane, the capital and largest city of Queensland, Australia, has a population of about 2.6 million. Situated in South East Queensland, it is surrounded by other regional centers and lies on the Brisbane River peninsula, near Moreton Bay. Brisbane is known for its hilly floodplain, nestled between the Taylor and D'Aguilar mountain ranges. While spanning multiple local government areas, it is mainly governed by the City of Brisbane. The people of Brisbane are referred to as Brisbanites.

Canberra: Canberra is Australia's capital city, serving as the seat of government for the nation. It is the largest inland city in Australia and the eighth-largest overall. Located in the Australian Capital Territory, Canberra is situated at the northern end of the Australian Alps. As of June 2022, the estimated population of Canberra was 456,692.

Melbourne: Melbourne is the capital of Victoria and the second most populous city in Australia. It encompasses a vast metropolitan area known as Greater Melbourne, consisting of 31 municipalities. The City of Melbourne, centered around its central business area, is its primary local municipality.

Perth: Perth is the capital and largest city of Western Australia, with a population of 2.2 million in Greater Perth. It is the fourth most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Scarp, Perth has grown from its original British settlements on the Swan River. Its central business district and port of Fremantle are significant landmarks.

Sydney: Sydney is the capital city of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia. It is located on the east coast of Australia and surrounds Sydney Harbour. The metropolis extends from the Pacific Ocean to the Blue Mountains in the west and from the Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park to the Royal National Park in the north and south. Greater Sydney consists of 658 suburbs spread across 33 local government areas. The estimated population is around 5.3 million, making it home to two-thirds of the state's population. "Sydneysiders" is the term commonly used for city residents, who enjoy the nicknames "Emerald City" and "Harbour City."

Auckland: Auckland is a major city in New Zealand, located in the North Island. It has a population of about 1.5 million and is governed by the Auckland Council. The city is known for its multiculturalism, with a significant Asian population and the fourth largest foreign-born community worldwide. Auckland is also home to the largest ethnic Polynesian population globally. Its Māori name, Tāmaki Makaurau, refers to the city's abundant natural resources and appealing geography.

Wellington: Wellington is the capital of New Zealand, located at the south-western tip of the North Island. It is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region and the third-largest city in New Zealand. Known as the world's southernmost capital, Wellington has a temperate maritime climate and holds the title for being the windiest city in the world.